Passage 1

Topic

沙漠形成

Content Review

P1: Because of human activities and natural causes, in America there was a drought leading to dust storm and this caused one of the American economic recessions making fertile land into the desert.

P2: Desertification was created because human beings used up a lot of resources and in this way a lot of new deserts were formed.

P3: So the people in those areas had to migrant to other places but most of them were still infertile areas.

P4: In fact raindrops couldn't help to prevent from the formation of Desertification, the real reason was the poor soil conservation.

P5: In developing countries human beings activities such as cooking lead to serious problem of soil degradation.

P6: Another serious negative influence of human activities was the lack of rainfall.

P7:  90% of the people living in the deserted area were from developing countries. 70% dry-lands were in Africa and the people die every day because of the Desertification.

Questions & Answers

Questions 1-7 T/F/NG

1. “desertification”次是在DB（地点）使用的。 NOT GIVEN

2. 沙漠化地区占地球表面20%。 FALSE

3. 沙漠化形成把人们赶到了不适合耕种的地方。TRUE

4. 多下雨会使土地肥沃。 NOT GIVEN

5．由于沙漠化人口减少。 FALSE

6．NOT GIVEN

7. 沙漠化现象在Africa地区要比别的地方严重。 TRUE

Questions 8-13

8. 草的消失由animals造成

9. trees destroyed for erosion

10. more sunlight was back to the atmosphere

11. evaporation的量增加了

12.&13. dust和smoke形成了Particles

Passage 2

Topic

摄影与艺术

Content Review

P1 Photography has been in debate since it was invented in nineteenth century. The question that is photography a form of art was raised.

P2 A famous French poet supported this view, saying photography could only be regarded as a form of naturalistic documentation. He was anxious about the advent of photography would have a negative impact on authentic art.

P3 Photography was criticized by a number of artists of painting since it was an alternative of painting

P4 The responses of artists regarding the criticism can be divided into two types. Some artists were trying their best to make photos which resembled paintings. They organized a variety of elements of the composition carefully. They tried to make the photos blurred.  They even scratched the photos in order to make them look like canvas.

P5 While the others did not want their photos to look like monochrome pictures. They tried their best to keep the appearance of the original photo. In the 1850s，Some artists showed their interests to use photography.

P6 Photography enabled the public to appreciate their own pictures. It somehow replaced paintings. Moreover, light was used by a number of artists to highlight the underlying idea behind the painting. Nevertheless, photography did not bring portrait’s existence to an end since the aristocrats and bourgeois still need portraits to manifest their social status. Impressionist started to pay more attention to sense of movement and light than making it realistic.   

P7 one more benefit that photography gave us was that it enable the viewers to appreciate the famous masterpiece’s reproduction at home

Questions & Answers

Questions 14-17 which paragraph contains the following information?

14. Fears voiced about photography   B (法国名人提出了担忧)

15. The skills the photography of artists used   F (the use of light)

16. The attempts of photographers used to imitate paintings   D (故意弄糊照片，甚至刮花照片)

17. influences of photography on art and painting   G (使得大家能够欣赏到艺术品的复制品)

Questions 18-22 summary

Responses to The criticism of photography

The opinion of artists regarding the criticism can be divided into two types. Some artists were trying their best to make photos which were similar to 18. paintings. They organized all the elements of the 19. composition meticulously. Besides they tried to make the photos 20. blurred. They even 21. scratched the photos in order to make them similar to canvas. While the others did not want their photos to look like 22. monochrome pictures they tried their best to keep the appearance of the original photo.

Questions 23-26 判断题

23. Artists in the 1850s were reluctant to use photography. F 

(E段说有很多艺术家展现出对照片的兴趣，开始使用照片)

24. Photographer felt need to learn techniques by attending artistic course. NG

25. The advent of photography brought an end to traditional portrait. F

(F段说到有钱人仍旧需要肖像画来显示自己的地位)

26. Some artists did not pay attention to the appearance of their paintings any longer because of the influence of photography. T 

(文中F段降到了印象派画家开始关注到色彩，光和动作的“感觉”，不可以追求逼真的效果)

Passage 3

Topic

Why adverts do not work?

Content Review

It appears that the harder advertisers strive to get your attention, the more you ignore their information.

A  In a busy consumer society, attention is in short supply. When you are going shopping in the supermarket or store, surfing on the Internet or watching television, up to 4,500, or one in 15 seconds that you are exposed to adverts every day. World companies have allocated $400 billion to the consumer products, according to the World Advertising Research Centre.

B  Jamie Ramsay, director in ID magazine, whose research expertise in consumer behavior proves that nine out of ten new products meet death. This tells us a lesson: traditional adverting ceases to work. It is obvious that even we look at loads of advertisements and brands around us, few of them get our attention.

C  Jane Raymond, thinks she know the reason, who is a psychologist in the university of Wales, Bangor, UK, had a well-known experiment in 1900s. In the procedure, participants monitored a screen with a visual stream of rapidly presented letters and pictures and they were required to identify the white letter and letter X. Researchers found that only half a second or so following the multiple stimuli can participants fall into a time window. It seems that people are easily blind to certain information when they shift focus from one thing to another, which is called as “attentional blink”.

D  Consumers walking on the street with a bunch of pictures around, they hardly recognize what the adverts show. But that’s the points advertisers hope us to see. Advertisers realise that people easily get distraction, but the solution they take is to cram much more information in a short time. Raymond suggests that, cut it loose and stop shouting out.

E  Advertisers now wonder if they can link emotions with the adverting. They acknowledge that good emotions involved in the advertising can raise people’s awareness. Research shows that people who are getting entangled in the intellectually demanding job would immediately turn to negative feeling if advertising images keep popping out. Just imagine the banner flashes just below the web pages or product placement while watching movies, which are progressively blatant and intrusive.

F  Consumers wear too much information imposed from outside. If people get full stomach, they would not want to eat more. The same is true for advertisers to decide how to scheme in the advertisements.

Questions & Answers

Questions 27-32

List of headings

i how to make adverts easily accepted

ii the way that looks at the adverts in another direction

iii adverts are everywhere

iv enough is enough

v how little adverts we notice

vi which type of adverts is more effective

vii when the timing outweighs feelings

viii research about attention influences advertising

ix what the technology do to change the adverts

27. iii

28. v

29. viii

30. i

31. vii

32. iv

Questions 33-35 段落配对

33. figure about high failure rate of new products      B

34. a reference to the expenditure on adverts    A

35. examples of types of advertisement connected to the negative desired feelings            E

Questions 36-40 Summary

Jane Raymond’s experiment (C段)

In Raymond’s research, volunteers are presented with a 36. screen displaying a continued sequence of letters and pictures. Researchers direct volunteers to discern the white letter and letter X, which turn out a tiny gap in attention lasting approximately 37. half a second after the presented 38. stimuli. Results suggest that people are always 39. blind to targets if two subjects appear in close succession, they compete for 40. attentional blink.