Passage 1

Topic

撒哈拉沙漠人类考古

Content Review

Ancient People in Sahara

A  On October 13, 2,000, a small team of palaeontologists led by Paul Sereno of the University of Chicago clambered out of three battered Land Rovers, filled their water bottles, and scattered on foot across the toffee-colored sands of the Tenere desert in northern Niger. The Tenere, on the southern flank of the Sahara, easily ranks among the most desolate landscapes on Earth. The Tuareg, turbaned nomads who for centuries have ruled this barren realm, refer to it as a “desert within a desert” a California-size ocean of sand and rock, where a single massive dune might stretch a hundred miles, and the combination of 120-degreeheat and inexorable winds can wick the water from a human body in less than a day. The harsh conditions, combined with intermittent conflict between the Tuareg and the Niger government, have kept the region largely unexplored.

B  Mike Hettwer, a photographer accompanying the team, headed off by himself toward a trio of small dunes. He crested the first slope and stared in amazement. The dunes were spilling over with bones. He took a few shots with his digital camera and hurried back to the Land Rovers. ‘I found some bones' Hettwer said, when the team had regrouped. "But they're not dinosaurs. They're human."

C  In the spring of 2005 Sereno contacted Elena Garcea, an archaeologist at the University of Cassino, in Italy, inviting her to accompany him on a return to the site. Garcea had spent three decades working digs along the Nile in Sudan and in the mountains of the Libyan Desert, and was well acquainted with the ancient peoples of the Sahara. But she had never heard of Paul Sereno. His claim to have found so many skeletons in one place seemed farfetched, given that no other Neolithic cemetery contained more than a dozen or so. Some archaeologists would later be skeptical; one sniped that he was just a “moonlighting paleontologist." But Garcea was too intrigued to dismiss him as an interloper. She agreed to join him.

D  Garcea explained that the Kiffian were a fishing-based culture and lived during the earliest wet period, between 8,000 and 10,000 years ago. She held a Kiffian sherd next to a Tenerian one. “What is so amazing is that the people who made these two pots lived more than a thousand years apart.

E  Over the next three weeks, Sereno and Garcea — along with five American excavators, five Tuareg guides, and five soldiers from Niger's army, sent to protect the camp from bandits — made a detailed map of the site, which they dubbed Gobero, after the Tuareg name for the area. They exhumed eight burials and collected scores of artifacts from both cultures. In a dry lake bed adjacent to the dunes, they found dozens of fishhooks and harpoons carved from animal bone. Apparently the Kiffian fishermen weren't just going after small fry: Scattered near the dunes were the remains of Nile perch, a beast of a fish that can weigh nearly 300 pounds, as well as crocodile and hippo bones.

F  Sereno flew home with the most important skeletons and artifacts and immediately began planning for the next field season. In the meantime, he carefully removed some teeth and sent them to a lab for radiocarbon dating. The results pegged the age of the tightly bundled burial sat roughly 9,000 years old, the heart of the Kiffian era. The smaller “sleeping” skeletons turned out to be about 6,000 years old, well within the Tenerian period. At least now the scientists knew who was who.

G  In the fall of 2006 they returned to Gobero, accompanied by a larger dig crew and six additional scientists. Garcea hoped to excavate some 80 burials, and the team began digging. As the skeletons began to emerge from the dunes, each presented a fresh riddle, especially the Tenerian. A male skeleton had been buried with a finger in his mouth.

H  Even at the site, Arizona State University bio-archaeologist Chris Stojanowski could begin to piece together some clues. Judging by the bones, the Kiffian appeared to be a peaceful, hardworking people. “The lack of head and forearm injuries suggests they weren't doing much fighting,” he told me. “And these guys were strong.” He pointed to a long, narrow ridge running along a femur. “That’s the muscle attachment.” he said. “This individual had huge leg muscles, which means he had a strenuous lifestyle and was eating a lot of protein — both consistent with a fishing way of life.” For contrast, he showed me the femur of a Tenerian male. The ridge was barely perceptible. “This guy had a much less strenuous lifestyle,” he said, “which you might expect of a herder."

I  Stojanowski's assessment that the Tenerian were herders fits the prevailing view among scholars of life in the Sahara 6,000 years ago, when drier conditions favored herding over hunting. But if the Tenerian were herders, Sereno pointed out, where were the herds? Among the hundreds of animal bones that had turned up at the site, none belonged to goats or sheep, and only three cows. “It’s not unusual for a herding culture not to slaughter their cattle, particularly in a cemetery, M Garcea responded, noting that even modem pastoralists, such as Niger’s Wodaabe, are loath to butcher even one animal in their herd. Perhaps, Sereno reasoned, the Tenerian at Gobero were a transitional group that had not fully adopted herding and still relied heavily on hunting and fishing.

J  Back in Arizona, Stojanowski continues to analyze the Gobero bones for clues to the Green Saharans’ health and diet. Other scientists are trying to derive DNA from the teeth, which could reveal the genetic origins of the Kiffian and Tenerian — and possibly link them to descendants living today. Sereno and Garcea estimate a hundred burials remain to be excavated. But as the harsh Tenere winds continue to erode the dunes, time is running out. “Every archaeological site has a life cycle,” Garcea said. “It begins when people begin to use the place, followed by disuse, then nature takes over, and finally it is gone. Gobero is at the end of its life.”

Questions & Answers

Questions 1-4

1. The pictures of rock engravings found in Green Sahara is similar to other places. Not Given 

2. Archaeologist believed that the people who came to the Sahara settled in one place. FALSE (首段提及不在同一区域)

3. Hettwer found human remains in the desert by chance. TRUE (I found some bones...)

4. Sereno and Garcea have cooperated in some archaeological activities before. FALSE (Garcea独自研究过，不是两人一起)

Questions 5-7

Answer the questions below.

Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER from the passage for each answer.

5. What did Sereno and Garcea produce in the initial weeks before digging work?

a map (E段)

6. What did Sereno send to the laboratory?

teeth (F段)

7. How old is the bigger tightly bundled burials being identified?

9000 years old (F段)

Questions 8-13 Summary Complete

Kiffican 

-Seemed to be a peaceful and hardworking people, because we did not find 8. ______ on head and forearm. (injuries) (H段)

-Their lifestyle was 9. _______. (strenuous) (H段)

-Through observation of the huge leg muscles, it can be inferred that their diet had plenty of 10. _______ (protein) (H段)

Tenerian

-Stojanowski presumed that Tenerian preferred to live on herding over 11. _______. (hunting) (I段)

-but only some animal bones such as 12. _______ were found. (cows) (I段)

-Sereno supposed that Tenerian at Gobero lived in a 13. _______ group at that time. (transitional) (I段)

Passage 2

Topic

An Early Study of Inappropriate Behaviour in the Classroom

Content Review

A. Research done in the UK in the 1970s and 1980s were modeled on a 1968 study in the US.

B. These behaviouralist approaches have their characteristics.

C. Observers were trained, they categorised classroom behaviour.

D. Teachers outlined rules for the students in a positive manner.

E. Teachers were to ignore students' misbehaviour.

F. Teachers were to praise students whenever they display good behaviour.

G. Measures were taken to ensure the reliability of the test results.

H. The results for mid-first-grade level students were the same as that in the kindergarten context.

I. In summary, recording the results were very important, because they showed that change in context and consequences really can have an effect. However, the three strategies need to be used in combination to achieve optimal effect.

Questions & Answers

Questions 14-18 段落信息配对题

14. I. a statement regarding the usefulness of recording the results

15. C. categorization of classroom behaviors 

16. E. reference of a problem that the teachers encountered in the process

17. D. nature of the rules that the students were presented with

18. B. characteristics of the behaviouralist approach to the study of classroom events

Questions 19-22 多选题

19-20. Choose TWO choices that correctly describe features of the classroom study:

D. the situation of the classroom is recorded

E. the context in which the study takes place is controlled

21-22. Choose TWO choices that describes the procedure of the study:

A. the teachers and observers were trained prior to the study

E. the teachers were told to treat all the students in the same way

Questions 23-26 Complete the summary

The Classroom Study, 1968

The study was conducted in three steps. In the first step, the teachers were to outline the rules to the students in a 23. positive manner. In the second step, the teachers were to ignore any inappropriate behaviour, unless these are really 24. harmful. In the third step, the teachers were asked to 25. praise the children for displaying good behaviours.

These steps are effective in bringing out good behaviours on the students' part, but they need to be used in 26. combination. The results wouldn't be as impressive if the measures were used in isolation.

Passage 3

Topic

交流与文化

Content Review

P1 The book mainly discusses the relationship between culture and communication. We may neglect it when accompanied by close friends, but will realize its importance when facing strangers. How do we decode other behavior?

P2 There are three types of non-verbal actions, including natural biological actions, technical actions and expressive actions. They are inseparable.

P3 Taking the action of tea-making for example. It is a technical action, but can also express my emotion.

P4. There are both verbal communication and non-verbal communication like gestures, clothing and body language.

P5 A lot of people don’t distinguish “symbol”, “signal” and “sign” precisely and if they do they may use them in quite different occasions.

P6. Certain signs are interpreted long after it is made.

Questions & Answers

Questions 27-30

27. What does the word code refer to in Paragraph one?

A. It refers to non-verbal communication such as gestures

28. Why does the author mention the action of making coffee?

C. The example indicate three kinds of communication cannot be divided

29. What does the author say about the three words: signal, sign and symbol?

B. He will explain it later.

30. What does the author say about expressive actions?

A. Expressive actions can be interpreted later

Questions 31-35 summary

31. gestures

32. language

33. information

34. listening

35. codes

Questions 36-40 YES/NO/NOT GIVEN

36. The author’s opinion is criticized by a lot of people.   NG

37. YES

38. YES

39. NO

40. NOT GIVEN