听力
    Conversation 1
    考古学教授答应帮学生的Graduate School Application写推荐信，但是学生查邮箱没有收到，下周立马有一所学校申请截止，所以焦急的找assistant问详情。这位教授期末有书稿截止、并且安排去澳大利亚沙漠实地研究，虽然她一贯行事缜密(on top of everything)，但这件事确实疏忽了。Assistant答应给教授邮件联系，确保推荐信不耽误之后的学校，且建议学生另找其他教授，以防万一。
    Conversation 2
    学生过来跟教授讨论关于short paper和long paper两个的内容把握，关于Benjamin Franklin这个多才多艺的人物，到底细节添加把握到什么程度。
教授建议，小论文，可以注重到富兰克林和Post Office的渊源;大论文可以扩宽内容，比如电力等其他方面的贡献。
    Lecture 1
    Astronomy
    讲Saturn的一个planet，重点讲述其可能有有机生命体存在，证据如下：
Unlike other planets with craters all over its surface, the surface of this planet is crater free, which indicates internal activities. Its southern polar has those cracks referred to by scientists as the “tiger stripes”. This region lets out vents of vapor and is high in temperature.
There are several explanations for the high temperature. The first being radioactive elements emitting the heat causing it to remain warm, but considering the size of this planet, it could not have contained enough radioactive materials within to sustain the high temperature. The second being the gravitational pull and the force from the planet creates the friction, but according to calculation, it is still not quite enough, still 5% off.
This discussion is valuable for astrological exploit, because it is more likely to contain extraterrestrial life than Europa and Mars.
    Lecture 2
Art History
Andy Warhol——The artist that challenges the authenticity of art.
Unlike other artists who work in studios, he creates painting in factories mainly using silk-screening to mass-produce many pages of the same paintings.
The argument lies in, if his factory workers make the paintings, and Warhol only signed them as the last procedure, is it really him that created the painting?
Student 1: Like teachers leave painting assignments in class, every students hand in pieces of flowers, the teachers cannot sign the copy can call it his own.
Student 2: Like Renaissance workshop, apprentices do part of the work according to the artists instruction, the artist signed the painting. It is still legitimate for Warhol to be the owner of those art, because he contributes the notion.
Professor: It is worth discussion, and remains to be seen,
    Lecture 3
Female Mule Deer respond to fawn’s cry even though the fawn is not her own, for its cause there are several explanations:
Recognizable error, the mule deer cannot tell the difference between the cry of her own fawn and other fawn. Not likely.Experiment: when a female mule deer’s fawn is right in from her, when she hears the cry in the microphone, she will also rush there immediately;
Bedded Fawn Theory, because their fawn is lying in the burrow, so they are concerned when they hear the cry.Not true.The deer with bedded fawn and the deer with active fawn (fawn standing outside) reacted the same when hearing cry, no difference in intensity.
Reciprocal altruism, expecting other mule deer would do the same for their fawn.
    Lecture 4
Impulse Buying
 

口语
Task 1
Talk about an interesting activity you recently participated in. Did everyone involved enjoy the activity? Give details and examples in your response.
Sample response
An interesting school activity I recently participated in was volunteer teaching. We went to a small, under-developed village that’s far from the city. Students from my school split into groups to teach the kids different classes. I was assigned to teach them English. I taught them some basic greeting skills that they thought was fun. During class breaks, all of us gathered outside to play sports of our choice. Some kicked around a soccer ball, some played the badminton and some played pingpong. Everyone had a blast. Everyone had a blast. I would love to visit the school again soon because everyone had a good time.
Task 2
Do you agree or disagree with the statement that parents are the best teacher for children? Give specific reasons and details in your response.
Sample response
I agree with the statement that parents are the best teacher for children for the following reasons. First, parents are all we have to learn from when we were young. When a baby is born, first thing he understands is his parent. We slowly learn to talk, walk, run, count and read with the help of parents. We need support, comfort and encouragement. And all of it is provided by our parents. Second, everyday parents slowly and unknowingly teach their kid how to survive in this world. And when the child grows up, he accomplished all the survival task and try to apply in his life. Sometimes he fails and sometimes he passes. Day by day he builds up the confidence in him.
Task 3
【提议】，学生写信建议为学习人类学哲学的学生在人文学院的楼里建一个study lounge，
【学生议论】男学生同意
理由1：课间半小时学生可以更有效地利用，因为到图书馆要花10分钟，太浪费时间;
理由2：学生可以在课下仍在一起讨论，可以继续之前的话题讨论不会打断学生的思路。
Sample response
In the reading passage, we get to know that a student recommends the school to create a study lounge at the Humanities Building. The man agrees with the acquirement because first, most of their classes take place in this building. It takes 10 minutes to get to the library and 10 minutes to get back, but they only have a 30-minute-interval between classes. With this study lounge, they could do some meaningful things. Besides, student would have somewhere to discuss right after the class about the content that covered in the class. Like last time, during the Shakespeare course, he wanted to discuss Hamlet with his classmate. But they had nowhere to go, so they actually stood in the cold while talking, which was really inconvenient.
Task 4
【名词解释】backward framing，在被一些广告影响后，人们可能会改变自己所做的决定。
【教授举例】研究小组让受试者喝咖啡，咖啡处理过不好喝，受试者喝的时候回访TV program，讲的是一些人喝超好喝的咖啡，大家都很幸福。之后要求受试者写下体会，对咖啡的评价都是positive和delicious的。
Sample response
Backward Framing means that consumer’s opinion about a product is altered after-the-fact by advertisement, which means that the advertisement could exert positive effect on consumers. The professor gives an example to illustrate the term. Volunteers were asked to taste a gourmet coffee. But the researchers had added some salt and vinegar into it so they were certain that the coffee wouldn’t taste good. After that, they showed these volunteers some advertisement of this coffee, in which people were enjoying the coffee and having a good time. At last, when asked how they would describe the coffee, people said it was “delicious” and they “liked it”.
Task 5
【学生困难】男生要完成painting创作，他需要一个特别好的颜料但不够，校园内没有。
方案一：网上买
评价：但需要5天，他没有时间了。
方案二：坐公交去city买
评价：但是不方便且会影响exam。
Sample response
The girl has encountered a problem that he has a painting due next week, but the painting is so big, that he has run out of the specific kind of paint he uses. He faces two solutions. The first is to take the bus to the store where he originally bought the paint. Personally, I recommend the second solution. Because first, it takes only 1 day to get the paint he needs, so he will have enough time to finish his painting. And second, online shopping can’t guarantee the quality of the pigments he want, so the latter is better.
Task 6
【讲课要点】动物seasonal机制。
方法1：保证存活，兔子warm season换短毛，相对的换长毛，保证其不冷不热地生存下去。
方法2：防止捕食者，S动物冬天换白毛，捕食者不容易发现他，因此他可以生存。
 

阅读
Passage 1
    1890’s之前，美国尚未经历City Beautiful Movement，除却极个别的Washington D.C，当时的城市规划的特点就是——no urban planning.
影响美国人民住址选定的几个因素主要为：economics，preference to live individually, etc.
    当时的两大特点为：1.随着移民风潮(migration)和大量农村人口涌入城市，城市对于住房的要求开始增长;2.大量城市人口(urbanites)考虑到城市居住诸多隐患，迁移乡村。
    主要的城市居住弊端为，大量建筑材料易燃、楼距太近、城市明火使用导致火灾频发;排水系统不完善，进而啮齿类动物传播疾病，危及居民健康。
    总而言之，当时的城市规划相当不完善，没有统一的政府监管，基础设施建设相当落后。
Passage 2
    Topic: Honeybees Juvenile Hormone
    在蜜蜂种群当中，根据年龄的不同，承担不同的任务，这种现象称之为“age polytheism”。比如，年幼的蜜蜂，一般在蜂巢工作，feed the queen and pupae;年长一点的蜜蜂，负责找食物(forage)和存储食物。分工不同的具体解释为，特定举动的频率会比较高，而并非彻底add or eliminate to the total number of the tasks they perform(此处考点)。
    研究表明，如此的分工，主要是由于蜜蜂当中一种叫做Juvenile Hormone的物质进行控制。Juvenile Hormone随着蜜蜂年龄的增长，分泌的速率提升，JH刺激蜜蜂大脑当中叫做mushroom区域逐渐增大，导致最后行为的不同。
    实验验证，摘除蜜蜂分泌JH的区域，人工注射JH类似物，能够使蜜蜂转变行为方式。
Passage 3
    南美洲太平洋东岸的居民，每年都能迎来由南极洲方向洋流涌向赤道，在季风共同作用下，深层富含营养的冷水涌向海表层，带来大量的鳀鱼(anchovies)。但特定年份，海水异常温暖，持续2-3个月，因为发生在耶稣降临的月份周围，所以被称之为“圣婴(El Niño)现象”。
    Gilbert Walker研究太平洋东岸和西岸气压发现了“跷跷板效应(Seesaw Effect)”，东岸气压高，则西岸气压低;反之亦然，该现象与厄尔尼诺有着千丝万缕的关系，所以合称——El Niño-Southern Oscillation。
    回溯15世纪，西班牙人的各种记录，厄尔尼诺之前每隔6年发生一次，近年来有频率上升的趋势，每隔2年发生一次;且强度逐年增高，比如美国遭受暴雨侵袭等。
 

写作
综合写作
(中文版)
美国的ANDE wall是不是一种防御机制。
Reading: 不是
1.wall不是连续的，有gaps，不能达到防御的目的
2.wall 由multiple entranceways构成，而一般的防御建筑只有一个出口和入口
3.没有walls和储水的地方，无法供给城内抵御外敌
Listening: 赞成
1.这些gaps都是悬崖之类，通常是容易受攻击的地方
2.这些ways是用来contact，因为site在large area，而且这些通道很窄
3.敌人也要面临食物和水短缺的问题，因为这里气候干燥
(英文版)
Reading: prehistoric defensive constructions (forts) in Andes are unusual
in some places, walls are absent, making them vulnerable to attack;
they have multiple entranceways, while normally other forts have 1 or 2 gates only;
lack of space to store enough water
Lecture:
The places that don’t have walls because they are naturally defended by cliffs or steep mountains;
Entranceways all face clear open space with great visibility, people in the forts could easily spot potential attackers, to block the gate and get prepared;
Andes region is dry, without enough food and water for the army, they wouldn’t choose to surround the forts and wait till they surrender. If the fort could withstand the initial attack, it could survive.
独立写作
Should governments spend money on scientific research even if it has no practical value?