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　　Shakespeare’s lifetime was coincident with a period of extraordinary activity and achievement in the drama. (46) By the date of his birth Europe was witnessing the passing of the religious drama, and the creation of new forms under the incentive of classical tragedy and comedy. These new forms were at first mainly written by scholars and performed by amateurs, but in England, as everywhere else in western Europe, the growth of a class of professional actors was threatening to make the drama popular, whether it should be new or old, classical or medieval, literary or farcical. Court, school, organizations of amateurs, and the traveling actors were all rivals in supplying a widespread desire for dramatic entertainment; and. (47) no boy who went a grammar school could be ignorant that the drama was a form of literature which gave glory to Greece and Rome and might yet bring honor to England.

　　答案：

　　莎士比亚的一生，和戏剧界的一段有非凡举措及成就的时期不期而遇。(46)在他出生之前,欧洲正经历着宗教戏剧的衰退，以及在古典悲剧和喜剧的刺激之下新形式的诞生。这些新形式最初主要由学者创作，被一些业余爱好者演绎。但是在英国,和西欧其他任何地方一样， 一群职业演员的成长正迫使戏剧变得盛行,不管是新戏剧还是老戏剧,古典戏剧还是中世纪戏剧,文艺剧还是滑稽剧。宫廷、学校、业余爱好者的组织以及四处奔波的演员在满足戏剧娱乐的广泛需求方面都成了竞争对手;而且，(47)但凡读过文法学校的孩子都不会忽视戏剧这种文学形式，它曾经给希腊和罗马带来荣耀,并且还可能会给英国带来荣耀。

　　When Shakespeare was twelve years old, the first public playhouse was built in London. For a time literature showed no interest in this public stage. Plays aiming at literary distinction were written for school or court, or for the choir boys of St. Paul’s and the royal chapel, who, however, gave plays in public as well as at court. (48) But the professional companies prospered in their permanent theaters, and university men with literature ambitions were quick to turn to these theaters as offering a means of livelihood. By the time Shakespeare was twenty-five, Lyly, Peele, and Greene had made comedies that were at once popular and literary; Kyd had written a tragedy that crowded the pit; and Marlowe had brought poetry and genius to triumph on the common stage - where they had played no part since the death of Euripides. (49) A native literary drama had been created, its alliance with the public playhouses established, and at least some of its great traditions had been begun.

　　答案：

　　莎士比亚12岁的时候，家公众剧院在伦敦建成。曾经有段时间,文学毫不眷顾这样的公共舞台。致力于文学造诣的戏剧或为学校，或为宫廷,或为圣保罗大教堂和皇家小教堂的唱诗班男孩儿而创作,但这些男孩儿不仅为宫廷演出，也为公众演出。(48)但是专业的剧团在它们固定的剧院中兴盛起来,怀揣文学抱负的大学生们迅速地投奔这些剧院,将其视为谋生的手段。在莎士比亚25岁的时候,黎里、皮尔和格林已经创作了迅速盛行起来并具有文学性的戏剧;基德也写出了一部让剧院人满为患的悲剧作品;而马洛让诗歌和天赋在公众舞台上获得了成功--这在欧里庇得斯死后从未发生过。(49)本土的文学戏剧被创作出来，它与公众剧院形成联盟,至少在那时，一些好的传统就已经开始了。

　　The development of the Elizabethan drama for the next twenty-five years is of exceptional interest to students of literary history, for in this brief period we may trace the beginning, growth, blossoming, and decay of many kinds of plays, and of many great careers. We are amazed today at the mere number of plays produced, as well as by the number of dramatists writing at the same time for this London of two hundred thousand inhabitants. (50) To realize how great was the dramatic activity, we must remember further that hosts of plays have been lost, and that probably there is no author of note whose entire work has survived.

　　答案：

　　学习文学历史的学生对接下来25年的伊丽莎白时代戏剧的发展有不寻常的兴趣,因为在这一短暂的时期,我们可以追踪到很多种戏剧和伟大事业的开始、成长、兴盛和衰退。现如今，我们感叹戏剧的小小创作数量，也感叹同时为有20万居民的伦敦创作的剧作家的数量。(50)为了认识到戏剧艺术有多么的伟大，我们必须还要记住，大量的戏剧已经不复存在，而且也许没有任何一个作家的全部作品都能够幸存下来。

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