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|
情态动词 |
对现在、未来的推测 |
对过去的推测 |
使用场合 |
|
must |
must do |
must have done |
肯定句 |
|
may/might |
may/might do |
may/might have done |
肯定句/否定句 |
|
can/could |
can/could do |
can/could have done |
否定句、疑问句（could可用于肯定句） |
|
should/ought to |
should do/be |
should have done |
肯定句、否定句、疑问句 |
一、情态动词+do
(一) must
He must be at home by now.
The light is on in the room. There must be persons in it.
高考链接
——Good morning. I've got an appointment with Miss Smith in the Personnel Department.
——Ah, good morning. You be Mrs. Peters.（2010年，北京23题）
A. might B. must C. would D. can
（二） may/might
may/might都表示可能，但may比might可能性大。如：
—Why isn’t he in class?
—He may be sick. （生病的可能性较大）
—He might be sick. ( 生病的可能性较小)
She may not be at home. =It is possible that she is not at home.
高考链接
Although this ______ sound like a simple task, great care is needed.
(2008四川，10题)
A. must B. may C. shall D. should
（三）can/could
She can’t be at home. = It is impossible that she is at home.
高考链接
It is usually warm in my hometown in March, but it ______be rather cold sometimes. (2008福建，24题)
A. must B. can C. should D. would
（四）should/ought to 估计/按理会
They should be there right now.
高考链接
1. 1t’s nearly seven o’clock．Jack_______ be here at any moment．
2. —How’s your tour around the North Lake? Is it beautiful?
— Well, it _______ be, but it is now heavily polluted.
（2007全国I，27题）
A. will B. would C. should D. must
二、情态动词+have done
“情态动词＋have done”表示对过去情况的推测或估计，是历年高考的热点。现就这一语言现象作如下归纳：
（一）should /ought to have done
表示过去应该做而实际没有做的事情,含有责备或遗憾的语气，意为“本应该……”；其否定形式为“should not／ought not to have done”，表示某种行为不该发生但却发生了。
高考链接
1. I _______ have watched that movie —it’ll give me horrible dreams.
（2010年，山东卷25题）
A. shouldn’t B. needn’t C. couldn’t D. mustn’t
2. —I’m sorry. I ______ at you the other day.
—Forget it. I was bit out of control myself. (2008年 江苏卷35题）
A. shouldn’t shout B. shouldn’t have should
C. mustn’t shout D. mustn’t have shouted
3. Mr. White _____ at 8:30 for the meeting, but he didn’t show up.
（2004年 广西卷）
A. should have arrived B. should arrive
C. should have had arrived D. should be arriving
（二）needn’t have done
“needn’t have done”表示过去没有必要做某事, 但实际上做了某事。
1. Mark have hurried. After driving at top speed，he arrived half an hour early. （2010年 天津卷）
A. needn’t B. wouldn’t C. mustn’t D. couldn’t
2. As you worked late yesterday, you ______ have come this morning.
(2006年 陕西卷)
A. mayn’t B. can’t C. mustn’t D. needn’t
注意: He didn't need to come yesterday，意为“他昨天没有必要来（实际也没来）”。
（三）must have done
“must have done”用于肯定句，表示“过去一定做过某事”，表示一种很有把握的推测。注意: 对过去发生情况的否定推测常用can’t／couldn’t have done。
1. Jack described his father, who a brave boy many years ago，as a strong-willed man （2010年，安徽卷32题）
A. would be B. would have been C. must be D. must have been
2. I have lost one of my gloves. I ________ it somewhere. （2005年 北京春季）
A. must drop B. must have dropped
C. must be dropping D. must have been dropped
3. I _______ have been more than six years old when the accident happened. （2005年 天津卷）
A. shouldn't B. couldn't C. mustn't D. needn't
may／might have done表示对过去情况的一种不太有把握的可能性推测，表示“过去可能／大概已做了某事”；否定形式表示“过去可能还没有做某事”。
高考链接
1. We ______ have proved great adventurers, but we have done the greatest march ever made in the past ten years. (2006年天津卷)
A. needn’t B. may not C. shouldn’t D. mustn’t
（五）can／could have done
can／could have done表示“过去本来可以做某事，但实际上没有做”； can／could have done的否定形式表示“不可能已做了某事”； can／could have done的疑问句形式表示“可能／也许已做了某事吗？”
高考链接：
——I stayed at a hotel while in New York.
——Oh, did you? You ______ with Barbara．
A. could have stayed B. could stay
C. would stay D. must have stayed
注意：
在含can/must/may/might表示对过去情况推测判断的句子，如果变成反意疑问句，反意疑问句中动词应与情态动词must等后的动词时态形式保持一致，用一般过去时或现在完成时。例如：
He must have been living here for years, hasn’t he?
他一定是在这儿住了好几年了，是吗？
你昨天晚上没睡好，是不是？
巩固练习：
1. Great changes must have taken place in the village in the past few years, ____ they?
A. mustn’t B. haven’t they C. can’t D. didn’t
2. He must have lived a happy a few years ago, ____ he?
A. didn’t B. hasn’t C. mustn’t D. can’t
答案简析：
1. 含有must表示推测判断的句子，其反意疑问句的动词形式应与must后动词时态保持一致。可以理解成如果不表示推测判断，该句应该说成：Great changes have taken place in the village in the past few years. 变成反意疑问句后应该说成：Great changes have take place in the past few years, haven’t they? 所以，该题选B。
一、 虚拟语气用于条件状语从句
虚拟条件句谓语动词构成形式：
|
|
条件状语从句 |
主句 |
|
与现在事实相反 |
If +主语+动词过去式 (be动词一律用were） |
主语 + would/should + 动词原形 |
|
与过去事实相反 |
If+主语+动词过去完成式
|
主语 + would/should + have +过去分词 |
|
与将来事实相反 |
A. 谓语动词用过去完成式 B. 谓语用were to + 动词原形 C. 动词用should + 动词原形 |
主语+would/should+动词原形 |
If he had time，he would attend the meeting．
（二）表示与过去事实相反
If you had come yesterday, you would have met him.
在虚拟条件句中，如果表示与过去事实相反的情况，从句中用过去完成时，而主句中则用“情态动词＋现在完成时”，即：would/could/should/might have done。例如：
If they had finished the work on time, they would have been praised by the manager.
If you had worked hard, you could have passed the examination.
考题链接
1. If it _____ for the snow, we _____ the mountain yesterday.
A. were not; could have climbed
B. were not; could
C. had not been; could have climbed
D. had not been; could climb
2. —— I stayed at a hotel while in New York.
—— Oh, did you? You ______ with Barbara.
A. could have stay B. could stay C. would stay D. must have stay
3. Yesterday Jane walked away for discussion, otherwise, she ______ something she would regret later.
A. had said B. said C. might say D. might have said
答案简析：
1. 根据信息词yesterday可以判断该句是表示与过去事实相反的虚拟条件句，从句中应该用“情态动词＋现在完成时”，故答案选C。
2. 本句是一个含蓄虚拟条件句，意思是：If you hadn’t stay at a hotel while in New York, you could have stayed with Barbara. 表达了与过去事实相反的情况，答案选A。
3. 本句考查的也是含蓄虚拟语气，意思是：如果她参加了讨论，她可能会说出一些后来令她后悔的话。表达了与过去事实相反的情况，故答案选D。
（三）表示与将来事实相反
If you came tomorrow，we would have the meeting.
If it were to／should rain tomorrow，the meeting would be put off．
（四）当条件状语从句表示和主句表示的行为所发生的时间不一致时， 动词的形式要根据它所表示的时间来调整。例如：
If you had followed the doctor's advice，you would be quite all right now.
(从句说的是过去，主句指的是现在。)
考题链接
1．Were it not for the snowy weather, we _______ all right.
A. would be B. would have been C. were D. may be
2. ______ more careful, his ship would not have sunk.
A. If the captain were B. Had the captain been
C. Should the captain be D. If the captain would have been
3. If he _______ me tomorrow, I would let him know.
A. should call B. should not have been able to call
C. were not able to call D. are not able to call
4. If you asked your father, you _______ permission.
A. may get B. might get C. should have got D. maybe get
5. ______ today, he would get there by Friday.
A. Would he leave B. Was he leaving
C. Were he to leave D. If he leaves
6. ______ I you, I would go with him to the party.
A. Was B. Had been C. Will be D. Were
二、虚拟语气用于宾语从句、主语从句、表语从句、同位语从句。在表示具有“建议”、“命令”、“要求”（advice，order，demand，proposal，suggestion，request）等的名词性从句中，其谓语动词要用虚拟语气的结构，即: (should)+动词原形。例如：
We all agreed to his suggestion that We (should) go to Beijing for sightseeing．
My idea is that he (should) do exercises first．
在主语从句中，谓语动词的虚拟语气用“should+动词原形”的结构，表示惊奇、不相信、惋惜、理应如此等。例如：
It is necessary (important，natural，desirable，advisable，strange，etc) that she should clean the room every day.
It was a pity (a shame, no wonder, etc.) that you should have been so careless.
It will be desired (suggested, decided, ordered, requested, proposed etc.) that she should finish her homework this afternoon，
在上述三种主语从句中，should意为“应该”，可以省去，但不可换用would，主句所用动词的时态不限。
比较：
医生命令他几天卧病在床。
误：The doctor ordered that he would stay in bed for a few days.
正：The doctor ordered that he (should) stay in bed for a few days.
【简析】在“一坚持（insist），二命令（order ，command ），三建议（suggest，propose，advise），四要求（ask，demand，require，request ）”等后面的宾语从句和主语从句中用“（should）+动词原形”，不用would。又如：
It was suggested that we （should） set out very soon. 有人建议我们马上出发。
It was ordered that the thing (should ) be carried away at once. 命令说这东西立刻搬走。
注：在现代英语中，suggest后跟的宾语从句在口语中有时可用陈述语气。例如：
I suggest that you don't ask him home for the vacation.
我建议你不要邀请他到你家度假。
专项练习
1. The English teacher demanded that the exam _______ before eleven.
A. must finished B. would be finished
C. be finished D. must be finished
2. The young man insisted that he ______ nothing wrong and _______ free.
A. did; set B. had done; should be set
C. do; be set D. had done; must be set
3. The suggestion has been made ________ the basketball game _______ put off.
A. for; to B. that; be C. which; should be D. to; being
4. The order came that the medical supplies ______ to the village soon.
A. would be sent B. should send C. be sent D. must be sent
5. It is important that we _______ wild animals.
A. will protect B. should protect
C. shall protect D. are protecting
Key：1-5CBBCB
第四部分 巩固性练习
从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出可以填入空白处的选项。
1. You _____ return the book now. You can keep it till next week if you like.
A. can’t B. mustn’t C. needn’t D. may not
2. A computer _______ think for itself. It must be told what to do.
A. can’t B. couldn’t C. may not D. might not
3. —Could I borrow your dictionary?
—Yes, of course you ________.
A. might B. will C. can D. should
4．Peter_______ come with us tonight，but he isn’t very sure yet．
A．must B．may C．can D．will
5. — Shall I tell John about it?
—No．you _______. I’ve told him already．A
A．needn’t B．wouldn’t C．mustn’t D．shouldn’t
6. You’d better ______ your hair ______ once a month.
A. had; cut B. had; cutting
C. have; cut D. have; cutting
7. You ______ ask that man over there. Maybe he knows the way.
A. had better not to B. had not better
C. had better D. had better not
8. —Shall we go and visit the History Museum next Sunday?
— ______.
A. Here you are B. Sorry, I can’t
C. Yes, please D. Let me try
9. —Why don't you ask Mike to go with us?
—Thanks, _______.
A. I will B. I won’t C. lean D. I may
10. —______ I take the newspaper away?
—Yes, you ______.
A. Must; can B. May; can
C. Need; must D. Must; must
11．——You didn’t wait for Mr. Smith last night, did you?
——No, but we ______. He didn’t return home at all.
A. couldn’t have waited B. needn’t have
C. didn’t need to D. should wait
12．Harry ______ have won the Physics competition easily yesterday, but he gave up.
A. could B. might C. should D. must
13．——May I speak to your manager Mr. Smith at six o’clock tonight?
——I’m sorry, Mr. Smith ______ to a conference before then.
A. will have gone B. had gone C. would have gone D. has gone
14．——Tom took away our teacher’s cell phone without being permitted.
—— Really? I can’t imagine that he _______ have done such a thing.
A. must B. may C. can D. should
15．——Was it you that made the suggestion?
——It have _____ been. I can’t remember.
A. need B. must C. should D. may
16．The weather turned out to be fine yesterday. I _______ the trouble to carry my umbrella with me.
A. should have taken B. could have taken
C. needn't have taken D. mustn't have taken
17．He paid for a seat, when he ______ have entered free.
A. could B. would C. must D. need
18．I didn’t see her in the meeting room this morning. She ______ at the meeting.
A. mustn’t have spoken B. mightn’t have spoken
C. can’t have spoken D. shouldn’t have spoken
19．—— Hi, is that Peter Brown?
——Sorry. You ______ the wrong number.
A. must dial B. must have dialed C. should dial D. should have dialed
20．I was on the highway when this car went past followed by a police car. They ______ at least 150 kilometers an hour.
A. should have been doing B. must have been doing
C. could have done D. would have done
Key：1-5CACBA 6-10CCBAC 11-15 CAADD 16-20CACBB
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