文/长沙新航道学校托福教研组

    2013年12月28日独立考题

    1.Describe an interesting experience in a restaurant or a café. Explain why the experience is memorable to you. (中预测。此题容易指数五颗星，在新航道的托福口语课堂上老师分类分析过很多次。)
    2.Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? The most important lessons can not be learned in class. (中预测。此题容易指数四颗星，在新航道的托福口语课堂上老师分类分析过此主题。)

    2013年最后一场托福考试的口语题目中规中矩，均为经典旧题, 如果考生们在考前能扎实练习考试难度不大。2014年1月12日托福考试预测如下，当然温馨提醒考生们，善于运用预测，不过份依赖预测、模板，强化自己的口语表达基本功才是能让自己口语得高分的关键。

 

独立话题重点

1.Do you refer large class with more people or small class?
2.Where do people in your town go to relax?
3.Describe the most important decision you have ever made.
 

4.Do you agree or disagree with the following statement: it is beneficial for students to travel for a year before entering universities.
5.Do you agree or disagree: all students should be required to study art and music in secondary school.
6.What is the most important criterion when choosing a university: academic reputation, location, or cost?
 

7.Do you prefer to finish your work long before the due time or wait until the deadline?
8.When you prefer to do your assignment, in the morning or evening?
9.Do you prefer to focus on one task at a time or do several works or projects at the same time?
 

10.Some people believe it is better for children to grow up in big cities. Others believe that it is better for children to grow up in small towns or rural areas. What is your opinion and why?
11.What food do you suggest university cafeteria should add to attract more people?
12.Do you agree or disagree with the following statement: people live a healthier life now than 100 years ago.
 

13.Describe a character in a book, movie, or poem.
14.Do you agree or disagree with the following statement: children should do housework when they are old enough.
15.Describe a time you are trying to something you have never done before.
 

16.Talk about one of the benefits of internet.
17.Do you agree or disagree with the statement: students should be required to learn arts and music in secondary school.
18.What is the most important criterion when choosing a university?
 

19.Describe a historical event that you’re interested in most. Explain why you are interested in it and want to know more about it. Include reasons and examples to support your response.
20.If you could study a subject that you have never had the opportunity to study, what would you choose? Explain your choice, using specific reasons and details.
21.Should people be encouraged to visit science, art, or history museums?
 

22.Agree or disagree with the following statement? College education should only be available to people who have done well in secondary school.
23.If you want to choose a place to live, what kind of location would you prefer and why? 1. A place close to school or workplace. 2. A place close to your home. 3. A place close to a transportation hub (airport or bus terminal, etc.).
24.Some people think the best way to study is attend a lecture. Others think that it's better to read by them. Which way do you prefer and why?
 

25.What is your favorite outdoor place to do exercise in a nice day?
26.Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Watching sports programs on television is not a good use of time.
27.Childhood, teenagehood and adulthood, which do you think is the most difficult period of life for you?
 

28.Some people like to have a break or get a job during summer vacation. Others think it is better to take a class. Which do you prefer and why?
29.In your opinion, what are some important characteristics of a good school? Use reasons and specific examples to explain why these characteristics are important.
30.Your friend often feels nervous when speaking in front of a large group of people. What suggestions would you give to your friend to overcome this fear?
 

31.Do you prefer to have fast food in a fast-food restaurant, or do you prefer to have food in other kinds of places?
32.Describe a person that you look up to as a role model. Explain how this person influenced your life. Include details and examples to support your response.
33.Agree or disagree: young children should learn to draw or paint. Include details and examples to support your answer.
 

34.Describe a character in a book, film, or poem, and explain why you like it.
35.Describe a most unforgettable success in your life. Explain why it was important to you. Include reasons and examples to support your response.
36.Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? It is never too late for an old people to receive high education and to get a university degree. Use specific reasons to support your answer.
 

37.Describe your favorite room either of your own house or in other places and explain why.
38.Among the following three professions, which do you think make the biggest contribution to society? Teachers, famers, doctors.
39.Describe your favorite teacher. Explain why you like him or her. Include reasons and details to support your response.
 

40.Some people prefer to make decisions quickly. Others prefer to take their time. Which do you prefer and why? Use specific reasons and examples to support your response.
41.Do you agree or disagree with the following question. In order to stay happy, you must have a job that you love doing.
42.Your friend wants to drive away the fear when speak in front of groups of people, what suggestion you would give her?
 

43.Do you prefer to have fast food in a fast-food restaurant, or do you prefer to have food in other kinds of places?
44.Describe the changes in your life five years from now on. Include specific examples and details in your explanation.
45.Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Power and money is the symbol of success.
 

46.What is your favorite outdoor place to do exercise in a nice day?
47.Some people like to have a break or get a job during summer vacation. Others think it is better to take a class. Which do you prefer and why?
48.Describe a most unforgettable success in your life. Explain why it was important to you. Include reasons and examples to support your response.
 

49.Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? It is never too late for an old person to receive higher education and to get a university degree. Use specific reasons to support your answer.
50.Among the following three professions, which do you think make the biggest contribution to society? Teachers、farmers or doctors.
51.Do you agree or disagree with the following question. In order to stay happy, you must have a job that you love doing.
 

52.Do you like to be taught by experienced teachers or by new teachers?
53.What's your favorite toy or game in your childhood?

 

综合话题重点

重点1

Task3

    是学校要offer lounge for commuter.女的同意这个观点，1，可以交流学习2，可以看电视什么的3，有公告栏可以share information，还可以节约什么car钱。

Task4

    关于operant conditioning ，教授举了两个例子，提问题不举手，扰乱课堂的，是rude的行文;提问题要举手啥的，你表扬他，他就继续这么干。没太明白啥意思是(我觉得不是这样的,这个概念是说可以使用鼓励的方式教导孩子做正确的,否则则像反， 然后说了一个例子,说有个小孩叫J什么的,现在忘记了,老是在课堂瞎举手当他有问题的时候,但这破坏了课堂,然后有一次，别的小孩都在外面玩,只有他在教室,中间有一点没听明白,总之是你为了教导他,然后鼓励他说,你举手的行为很好,你问题很棒,然后他很开心，以后就懂得了先举手在问问题)

Task5

    表演课要求两人表演，一个男生A的搭档要drop那门课，他的女同学B给他建议，可以自己演，可以找别人代替，女同学B就可以代演，问两个suggestion是什么，你觉得哪种好？

Task6

    对不同市场采取不同的策略, 分为consumer market和industrial market。教授首先讲企业需要决定自己的营销对象，然后采用相应的打广告的方法。然后讲了两种形式：一种是针对广大消费者，那么企业就要广泛做广告。另一种是针对特定组织或者商人的。举了一个例子是office furniture ,这种情况下直接和人家的领导谈就好了。

重点2

Task3

    是说学校决定把每个班级的人数从8人增加到15人。原因是有更多的学生apply这些课程，但是学校的faculty有限。男同学的意见：1、增加人数减少了communication with faculty，降低了小课堂的参与程度。2、既然有更多的学生，就可以获得更多的钱，就可以请更多的faculty解决了人力不足的问题。简言之就是more students, more money, more faculty。问题是：学校做出了怎样的决定，男同学的意见是什么?

Task4

    阅读：动物有固定的patterns of behavior。听力：1、一种小鱼：male fish会do attack dance to the finish entering its territory 而且是有red mark的，如果没有red mark就不会2、goose：female鹅生过蛋后会move its head back and forth，但是当它的egg被moved away 以后，它仍然这样。问题是：讲一讲什么是动物的这种惯性行为(文中用了缩写，好像是AFS 还是FAS记不清了)，然后讲讲lecture中间的例子如何证明的。

Task5

一哥们碰到问题，他想看晚上的演唱会，又想参加一个Play。解决方法：先去看演唱会，晚点儿去play。第二个是今天去演唱会，第二天去play，但第二天的play效果没个好，他会有点失望（好像是这样，错了别喷）

Task6

讲动物孵蛋的交流方式。个是鸭子蛋之间会交流，好像会发出什么很大的噪音，然后寻求帮助；第二个事蛇蛋，蛋与母亲的交流，强调没有母亲的帮助，蛋无法孵出。

重点3

Task3

Task3

学校newspaper post出来要求一年级新生全部住校，woman不同意，观点是：

（1）以前她一年级时候完全不存在group study的现象，而且学习环境吵得不行

（2）解决不了parking拥挤问题，反而加重。在校学生会把车停在campus

Task4

dormancy（休眠）的概念就是在天气恶劣的动物采取措施降低能耗，保存生命。

举例lungfish，说他们在dry season把自己bury在mud里面，湿润又远离热气。同时还说dormancy的时候这些鱼stay inactive, slow its breath, heart beats and the energy use.所以可以几个月不吃东西也能survive，直到雨季来临。

Task5

problem:室友严重自我陶醉，挂了副巨大又巨恶心的painting，女生对房间很看重，觉得无法忍受。

Solution:

(1)认了吧习惯了就没事的了.get used to it

(2)找她聊聊,传达自己的看法. be honest

Task6

actor 在screen之前要如何让自己融入到character中去。举例讲了扮演KING的例子，说某actor扮演king之前以king的身份去思考该怎么演，场景好像是有人向他提亲娶他女儿，他怀疑对方动机不单纯。最后效果不错，不止actor融入角色，观众也很陶醉。

 

重点4

Task3

【报纸通知】报纸出通知：新生统一住校，原因有二：一是向学生提供建立学习小组的机会；二是缓解校园停车场的压力。【学生意见】女的不同意：一，她拿自己举例，根本没有因为住校而建立学习小组；二，新生住校非但不能缓解停车场的压力，反而会因为更多的学生住校带来更多的长时间霸占车位的现象而造成车位短缺加剧。

Task4

【名词解释】dormancy这一概念，阅读材料讲到冬眠的涵义：帮助渡过恶劣环境；降低自身生理能耗。【讲座内容】听力材料里professor讲述了一个肺鱼的例子：在河水干涸之后鱼就躲在河床上之前就打好的洞里，这样一方面可以隔热、保湿，另一方面可以降低呼吸、心跳频率。

Task5

【室友困难】：室友挂了整墙的画，但很丑且占地方，不过直说又会造成对室友的打击。【解决方案】：一男一女讨论对策，对策有二：一是忍气吞声，慢慢习惯；二是告诉她真实想法，希望她画点别的。

Task6

演员如何入戏？比如一个人要扮演国王，现在要会见一位来提亲的男子，那么他登台之前就应该像一个国王那样想问题，比如说他应该想到来提亲的是不是要夺我王位，冲着我的权力而来，这样演员一上台就进入了国王的角色，观众也可以很快融入戏中，感觉真实而不是做戏。

 

重点5

Task3

art class of sculpture , the school is planning to downsize the class size from 30 to 15, due to two reasons, the first one is that too many students may not get the attention from teacher as when it was of a smaller size, and 交流is crucial to art class. the second reason is that it is too expensive to buy the materials for so many students.

女生观点：完全不同意，sculpture is so important for students of arts that they would like to choose the class even if not paid so much attention from the teacher, the new regulation will 剥夺很多art student's privilege to choose the class they want. Secondly, the art students would pay for the materials themselves, just to get the chance to attend the class.

Task4

advancing crediting：a method that teacher help children to learn social appropriate behavior。小孩对praise的不同反映，你要是事先表扬他们，再让他们做什么，他们就不太听话。你要是等做完事情后在表扬他们呢，他们就能够表现的好。Lecture:教育学的教授讲一组实验：研究人员到一个小学去，给孩子们发糖，看他们能不能keep classroom neat.次，把小朋友放一个房间里，给他们糖吃，看他们在老师不提醒的情况下有多少人把糖纸扔到地上，有多少人扔到垃圾桶里，大部分小孩子们都把糖纸扔地上DRORP ON THE GROUND，只有少数几个人扔到垃圾桶里。研究人员让老师一直表扬那些做的对的小朋友。还表扬那些表现好（behavior proper），保持环境的小朋友，说他们是干净的小孩。过了一段时间，再做这个试验，大部分小朋友就都把糖纸仍在垃圾桶里。

Task5

女生在图书馆看书，忽然想起要赶去教室做她的presentation，路程是10分钟，时间很紧了。男生告诉他下大雨了。没带伞。Lecture:有两个解决方案：男生说出方案1、男生借给女生雨伞，但是雨伞在不远的另一个地方，去取的话要几分钟，然后女生会迟到。女生自己说出方案2、冒雨跑去教室不会迟到，但全身湿淋淋，书和笔记本也全湿掉。描述女生遇到的难题，男生给的两个建议，你的建议，为什么。

Task6

动物欺骗捕食者predator以保护自己defense的两种方法behavior：举了一个动物(蛇)，说是这个动物用2种方法：、1）fool predator。说是做出它们要反击的动作（bite），其实它们不是真的要bite, and move suddenly to scare the predator, predator就给吓跑了。2）misleading：装死，对吃活物捕食者百试不爽。翻白眼，张嘴巴，让捕食者以为它们死了。捕食者就走了，等捕食者走了，蛇再活过来。

重点6

Task 3

Reading part

college directory that has all the contact information of students. Two improvement of the directory: 1. Add photos of students;2. Put the directory on the internet

Listening part

agree to apply the revision. 1. Because some students may have the same name, photo helps students to find the right person. 2. Some students can’t find the directory.

It is easy for students to find these information if there are electronic version of the directory available online.

Task 4

Reading part

emotion display? (记不清那个术语的名字了). It means the expression of emotion depends on the society in which we are live in.

Listening part

professor uses an example of his 4 years’ old daughter. She had a birthday party last year. Prior to the party, parents told her that she should hide the negative emotion when she didn’t like the gift received. Her grandmother gave her a cute clothes as a gift. But the girl didn’t like it and felt disappointed. Before her negative emotion became too obvious, her mom said the clothes was very cute. The girl suddenly realized that she should say thank you to grandmother and she did that.

Task 5

学生困难：

The girl has a problem: she can’t register for Dr. Jonson’s Asian history class because the register office has closed the class.

解决方案：

Two choice: 1. Take the class in summer with the same professor. But a 3 week’s class will be more intensive. Plus, she can’t get home to visit her parents early in the summer. 2. Take the class this semester with another new professor. She is not sure whether the professor is good or not.

Task 6

Archeologists use different ways to decide the places where they should dig for findings.

1.Surface feature of the land. E.g. New Zealand. It has a typical structure. High land? (记不清了)。2. Plant : certain plants grow in certain places. E.g. Banana nuts tree were planted in Central American. These trees continue reproduction. So archeologists find the place which has banana nuts tree to dig.

 

重点7

Task3

【学校通知】：学校打算新开一门课程,教学生如何写project和thesis,并强制学生参加。【学生对话】：男生很喜欢这个课程，原因有三：一他本身不会写thesis，他心理学的一个project修改了两次才最后通过，这个课程对他很有用二》可以看到别的学生怎么写，学习别人好的地方三》也可以看到别的学生的错误，下次再自己的project里面避免类似错误。

Task4

【reading】：autogenetic succession

【autogenic succession网络中的名称）（自发演替）】。 a change of the ecosystem brought in by the organisms themselves就是某生态环境可能因为当地植物而改变，从而变得适合另一种生物成长而取代原先的植物。（网络释义：通过群落对环境的反作用使环境条件发生变化，由于这些变化了的条件的作用形成了新的群落而引起演替）

【listening】：某地sunny and dry, 适合 pine trees,所以形成了一片松树林，松树林的落叶覆盖土壤，树林遮蔽阳光，某地就变的wet and shady，适合橡树生长，很多年后，这片树林大部分都是橡树了。

Task5

学生问题】：一个女学生很喜欢周五的hiking trip,但是同时她还要move to a new apartment,时间冲突，【解决方法】：两种选择一：提前搬家，搬家以后不耽误参加hiking trip,二白天去hiking trip,后来之后夜里搬家，问题问你简单summarize the problem and then explain which solution you prefer and why.

Task6

讲的是中间人。中间人有两种一种是调停，一种是仲裁。调停就是俩人有矛盾了，然后去找第三个人，大家都熟的人，中间说和一下。仲裁就是上法院，让法官裁决，不管结果如何都得听法官的。例子给的特扯，说是舍友两个人如果有矛盾了，调停就是找朋友说和，仲裁就是上法院。法官听完故事之后，裁定谁赢谁输，提出解决方法，不管你同意不同意都得听法官的。

 

重点8

Task3

一个学生钥匙拉在宿舍，他的历史课的paper也在房间，历史课还有两个小时开始，他自己提出两个方法，一个找教授谈谈，女的说也许教授能理解，但男的上次的paper也推迟交，这次又推迟，会让老师觉得他不是个责任感强的人，另外一个方法找管理员开门，时间还充裕但是得花钱。

Task4

教育学：文章，logical consequence与inappropriate behavior之间的关系。就是说惩罚孩子要和为什么联系到一起，他才不会再犯。

教授举了个例子是教授原来在大学教小孩画画。有一个叫mary的小孩，让她画画她画到了桌子上，教授就罚她不许出去玩。结果之后那孩子还是画；后来他就叫他画桌子之后不不许用pen画画了。孩子明白了，以后就不犯了。

Task5

阅读说学校对theatre专业的有新要求take a trip off campus，看专业的product，要花35元。女的问男的态度，男的很欢迎，说对理解有帮助，花钱也不多，花3次的钱可以看一次免费的。

Task6

【讲座内容】商务经济类，关于collect information for business marketing 的2 个方法，是quantity way，例子是，一个car manufacture, use 这个方法通过大量调查，发现没有孩子的客户购买量大,而有孩子的客户购买量小。第二个方法是opinion based 就是问卷调查之类的。之后该公司为了查明为什么有孩子的客户购买量小，就用该方法survey 问卷调查，发现是car 的back seat 有问题，孩子觉得不舒服。

重点9

Task3

【公开信】：小报上刊登了来自一个学生的公开信，倡议大学应该to build an electronic board at student center。

好处1、Make student get information about coming up events easily rather than acquiring news at different places on campus by posters

好处2、学校也会更整洁，因为墙上没海报了。

【学生议论】： 女生反对这个计划，it is better to get news from different locations on campus。

理由1、They are everywhere (more than one place). If they do not go to student center, they will miss the notice.举了她在图书馆看到海报，所以didn't miss a show / concert的例子。

理由2、Even though the new bulletin board was established, students will still do posters because of it is convenient (没有人会提交information, 然后再等它post出来)。

Task4

【课文要点】：Negative ideation: a method used by people to resist desires by adding something negative. 就是说通过联系不好的情况来resist坏东西，帮人解决坏习惯。

【教授举例】： 教授举的他自己戒除巧克力的例子。教授loves chocolate bar because it is tasty, but chocolate is not good. So he used the method of negative ideation to refuse chocolate. 后来whenever he wanted to buy chocolate bar he would think it is associate with mud which is the mixture of dirt and water，来reduce the temptation，就戒了he stopped buying。

Task5

【学生困难】：男生想弄个announcement on newspaper 让更多的人来参加阅读演出singing group. He did not submit the announcement for upcoming event this week to the school's newspaper before the deadline. He is worrying about there will not be many students come to see the performance.

【解决方案】：女生建议：

方案1、To postpone 延期到下周，但but it not easy to book the music hall where the performance will take place。

方案2、To notice students by posters at different locations on campus since students are everywhere. 男生说考虑一下。

Task6

【讲课要点】：Wetland's two benefits for animals.

1). For nursery, sharks lay eggs in wetlands close to the ocean, because wetlands are shallow, there are not large predators, baby sharks can grow safely in the wetlands and survive in the ocean.

2). For rest and find food. Immigrating birds, for example, paper, during the long journey of immigration, stop the wetlands to find the food because they can find similar food like before

 

重点10

Task3

【学校通知】来自大学校报的通知说学校计划聘请一位知名导演director 辅导学生搞spring musical，以前都是学生做导演。

好处1、这位导演要在学校的theatre辅导学生排一部剧，学生可以学到很多。

好处2、这位知名导演可以吸引很多学生观众看剧。

Task4

教育学文章，logical consequence与inappropriate behavior之间的关系。就是说惩罚孩子要和为什么联系到一起，他才不会再犯。教授举了个例子是教授原来在大学教小孩画画。有一个叫Mary的小孩，让她画画她画到了桌子上，教授就罚她不许出去玩。结果之后那孩子还是画，后来他就叫他画桌子之后不许用pen画画了。孩子明白了，以后就不犯了。

Task5

男生遇到问题要交paper,但是paper被锁在了宿舍里，钥匙也在宿舍。两个解决方案：1、跟教授说迟一点再交。但是男生之前跟教授过是最后一次迟交作业。2、可以叫学校的campus building提供开宿舍服务。但是要收钱，好像是15刀一次。

Task6

眼泪有保护眼睛的功效，分几种眼泪，有一种是经常产生的，可以保湿，还可以杀菌;还有一种不经常产生，眼睛进沙子了就会产生。

 

重点11

Task3

一个学生给的提议，说学校地上垃圾多，张贴画也脏，多。提议学生组成volunteer,分组拾垃圾。听力中两个学生讨论，一个女生就不同意，她说：脏要看情况，我们学校这么大，人这么多。刚扫干净，又会有垃圾，张贴画，你撕了人家再贴，也是一样的，而且学生到学校是学习的，不是做志愿者的。真要干净校园，学校要雇人，花钱叫专人来干。

Task4

The professor talks about egocentric thinking in children, which means that children think other people will see or understand the world in the same way like them．

e．g．A child was lead in a room with a small house in it．The child was standing in front of the house, which has a red door．The researcher went to the other side of the house．When he asked the child :" what am I watching?", the child answered:" A red door．" which was exactly the thing that child was watching．

Task5

男生有问题，打印机坏了，哲学课的论文的最后几页褶皱了。两种方案，一个是另外打一份，弊端是浪费了经济课讨论小组，另一个方法是找教授说明情况，弊端是让教授觉得不够重视，发表自己的观点。

Task6

城市比农村温度高的原因。点是工业化原因，比如工厂排放的废气以及汽车尾气。第二点是城市里有很多深色的覆盖物，比如道路，这在夜间都保持很高的温度。

重点12

Task3

关于学校stop serving junk food in dining hall，男生不同意。一：这是没有必要的。学生已经很健康了，学习完以后吃点零食是挺好的，尤其是finishing paper以后，女生说对啊，比如icecream什么的。二：就算我们不在学校买也会到校外的store去买，而且更贵，根本就不省钱

Task4

alarm cells(后面这个词不确定)，就是讲动物可以发出一种signal让它的同伴意识到危险，但是有时这些alarm is deceptive。 教授举例，说科学家做了一个实验，研究一种monkey who search food together and share with each other. 当它们遇到predator(一个比较奇怪的名字)，它们会怎么叫（楼主没听清楚或者是英语单词有限)让每个同伴都听到，大家就躲起来。但是有一次，科学家观察到一群monkey找到了Foods and 准备要eat 了，突然一只猴子叫了起来，其他所有的同伴都逃跑躲在树后面。过了一会他们出来后，才发现那只叫的猴子Sit alone and eat all the food.

Task5

男的有问题了。他必须写一个4页的Paper 明早交，他发现了一本有用的书在图书馆。（看着句式多美式）然他跑出去跟朋友玩，回来晚了发现星期天图书馆没有开门借不到书。他给自己想了两个办法。 一是换另一Topic/poe 二是明天早上早点起来去图书馆借书再写，几个小时就搞定了。

Task 6

讲Marketing有关的，说services是现代营销的一个重要的东西，然后讲怎么让消费者相信他们的Service是好的呢？教授举例她的一个朋友，是一个Painter 专门刷House的。但是很少人知道她，因为她以前不做这个。然后她的朋友就让一些消费者写有关于她的作品的评论，吸引了很多人过来。另外一种策略是，她的朋友把以前做过的Work拍照 take photograph，一些Potential customers也对她的工作产生了兴趣。

重点13

Task3

Coffee shop on campus plan to have live music performed by students on Friday night started next month; the store manager believed that student will largely participate in both performance and attendence for the concert. The female student would like to participate playing guitar and singing. This kind of live music in this area cost a lot; compared to that, the coffee shop provids affordable live music experience.

Task4

讲植物的防御的两个process。 professor举得例子一种树~砍掉它的branch~会分泌chemical 然后第二部这个chemical也会作为信号让别的植物（还是植物的其他部分）也知道受到危险然后一起分泌化学物质……类似

Task5

女的在小学当志愿者，和她的小学生们约好周末去野餐。但周末天气不好。所以有两个选择1）改计划，但很麻烦，因为家长也要去。2）改地点，去餐厅吃。但在室内吃饭没有在外面有趣。

Task6

商品的价格对供求关系的影响，两个例子一个是soft drink， 降价了于是卖的好啦。因为消费者会觉得便宜了呢。然后computer降价了反而卖得不好，因为消费者觉得便宜没好货。

重点14

Task3

有人写信提议学校的体育馆早上只对篮球队开放，要不人太多篮球队等的蛋疼。而且体育馆可以晚上多开点时间给那些普通同学。

女生说这个提议太弱了因为好多同学晚上木时间，人家有打工还有其他活动啊。还有早上篮球队等太久是因为有人总霸占器械太久，应该搞个time limit制度。

Task4

一种environment disturbance 是一种因自然原因或人为活动对植物生长的干扰。叫兽举了个栗子， 一块地有一种blue grass 长得太多太密集了把阳光都挡住了， 其他植物无法在此生存。 然后放牛的人来了，牛把这些草啃掉好多，这样有空间又有阳光， 小野花也能在这长了，不仅仅是blue grass一种。

Task 5

一个男仔对一个妹子说今晚是学校演出最后一晚了你不去咩？ 妹子说票搞得到但是今晚她应该在实验室shelve books 干几个小时肿么办？ 1. 她可以第二天早上早起去图书馆把昨晚活干了。但是要6点起，参加演出和派对太累了。 2. 她可以拜托其他人替她把工作做了，只要罩得住别让她因为缺席而扣工资。

Task 6

教授说有好多市场营销策略。一种是让product tested， 就是让商品在严酷环境下使用让消费者觉得这东西质量太赞了。 例子是把手提箱在雨里淋着，之后外面全湿了，打开一看里面的东西都是干的，太神奇了！ 还有一种是before and after demonstration， 就是有个problem解决不了用了产品就解决了哟。 例子是一个小正太的t shirt 脏得不行了，什么吃的泥点子全有，用了soap 洗了以后，跟新的一样哟。

 

重点15

Task 3

政策是学校在期末期间将延长cafeteria营业时间.结果那男的竟然同意!!我是按照不同意打的草稿,杯具.还好改起来也容易.男的说好,一是因为学生都在复习没精力煮饭,又不能老是简单对付,所以有吃的买当然好.二是以前晚上想和同学小组讨论一起复习都没地方,只好去学校外面找地方,现在可以去cafeteria.

Task4

动物为生存，会有什么allocation。容易找到食物的话，动物就花少的精力和时间；不容易就花大量

教授说，seal。他们很容易找到食物，因为海里有很多鱼。他们不用花太多时间和精力找吃的。但是他们要花很多精力和时间来找location。一是吸引异性，繁殖，二是要占领一个领域，赶走其他的seal。三是要保护他领地的其他male seal

Task 5

那男生的问题是他的心理课有小组讨论,他的小组的习惯是每周到一个组员家里,那个组员煮饭给大家吃,然后一起讨论.这周轮到他但是他忘了,现在已经来不及煮饭了.两个解决方案一是买餐厅的外卖带回家,但那男的又说这样贵,自己前段时间已经花了很多钱了.二是打电话给大家叫他们晚点来,自己赶快回家弄点简单的东西,又怕大家等的饿,还会影响饭后的讨论.

Task 6

是生物的mimicry,说很多昆虫都有,mimicry能保护昆虫.例子一是一种苍蝇本身没有任何可以保护自己的武器,但是它的外表看上去很厉害,so the predator think it is dangerous.就不会吃它.例子二是一种蛾,it looks like the predator,所以predator看到它以为是同类也不会吃它.

重点16

Task3

学校有一个新的mentoring program, 是让大四的人带大一的人有两个好处，大四的人知道的比较多，还有就是大一新生可以有更多social.听力同意这个plan, 因为那人说他大一的什么都不知道，比如说schedule change还有，building location，所以有个人能告诉他这些info的话会很有帮助，另一个理由是，他大一的时候认识的人都是大一的或者住在一起的很局限，能认识更多不同年级的人的话会更好。

Task 4

【课文要点】：research enviry此词有问题，大家仔细听 effect，意思是：人们一般做出选择会受到别人的影响。

【教授举例】：教授举了两个例子：有两组跑步运动员athletes：给组athletes每天都吃energy bar，不给第二组athletes吃energy bar。研究两组athletes的跑步速度是否会提高。如果组athletes中的一人是第二组athletes中的一人的朋友，第二组athletes就会知道组athletes每天吃补药，而自己所在的这一组没有给吃energy bar，但是他们不想就这么输掉，每天都很努力的练习。结果as a result，两组athletes的速度都变快了run faster。这个实验就分不清这个energy bar是否有效。

Task 5

【学生困难】：男生的物理课学不好，跟不上进度。

【解决方案】：女生给他两个方案：方案1、找个专业的家教professional tutor。但男生说找professional tutor贵，他必须打更多的工才能把辅导费挣出来。方案2、请室友roommate（是一物理专业学生）给他辅导。男生说虽然很便宜，但他室友非常忙（好象参加了个basketball team而且室友是一个double major（同时主修两个专业的学生））。等每天室友忙完自己的工作是已经是深夜了。

Task6

【讲课要点】：self-efficacy：own belief on the ability to do well in some subjects。有两种two sources：Source 1、from your own past experience。For example：you always do well in math exam，下次考试也会很believe you will do well in math exam。Source 2、from other's experience you observed, they can be a social model: 如果一个和自己similar的人可以conquer困难，那么相信自己也可以conquer困难。For example：your old sister plays piano well。you is influenced by your sister。So you believe you also can play piano well。

重点17

Task3

Task 3

Reading: changes in career service. Listening: woman thinks it's great. Reasons: 1. One day, she went the office(forget the name...), the adviser was really helpful. Told her what to put in her resume and how to do the cover letter. 2. Changes will benefit the students in the program a lot. Last year, her sister had an internship. Because she was such a good writer (or, something? I forget), she was offered the job position after the graduation. 

Task 4

好像说一个心理现象，dependency effect? 如果说一个人觉得另一个人有用的话，或者说对那个人的成功有帮助的话会有比较好的印象。教授举了一个例子说卖office equipment的公司，sales group。他们的奖金跟sales有很大的关系 分成两组 都看了一段video关于一个sales person的work experience, 但是第二组的人被告知，这个video里的人会加入他们的小组，他们两组对于那个sales person的印象于是就有所不同，第二组的人比较focus on personality并且对他有比较好的印象。大概是这样的。。。

Task 5

女生要采访一个magazine的创始人为了学习关于how to start up business, 但是问题是那个人out of town了，然后有两个解决方法。个是，下个星期采访，但是会给那个女生less time to write paper, 另一个方法是采访别的人，但是area会不一样，女生对那个magazine很感兴趣。

Task6

提供service的商家如何让别人知道自己的服务好。举例朋友之前是painter，用两种方法让客人知道他刷墙技术很好。一、statement from old customer，老客户写好评。二、在工作室挂上before and after picture，作对比。

 

重点18

Task3

【学生建议】学生写信建议让学生带laptop computer，因为大家打字都很快了，所以方便记笔记，这样就更能够好好的听教授的lectures。其次，教授可以让学生上网，浏览更多的信息像图片。【学生态度】不同意(1).有少部分会用电脑记笔记，但大部分都用来play for fun, check email, surf internet什么的了;(2).有部分学生是没有电脑的，因此教授只能直到有电脑的学生用Internet tool.

Task4

The professor talks about egocentric thinking in children, which means that children think other people will see or understand the world in the same way like them． e.g．A child was lead in a room with a small house in it．The child was standing in front of the house, which has a red door．The researcher went to the other side of the house．When he asked the child :" what am I watching?", the child answered:" A red door．" which was exactly the thing that child was watching

Task 5

Listening: The man has a problem. This year is his calculus prof.'s first teaching. He isn't used to his way of explaining... The prof. teaches too fast, he gets confused. Two solutions: 1. He says he can switch to another calculus section, but has to take it in the evening when he wants to do homework or hang out with friends. 2. He also says he can organize a study group to discuss what they learnt after class. But it'll cost extra time.

Task6

【讲座主题】mechanism that animal use to survive from water current.

【相关例子】one is attainment, black fly larva. the second is thick body, sculpin.

补充：两种动物，black fly larva和splince（音译）为什么可以在激流中保持不动，那个larva好象是因为hand&hook，所以可以touch the bottom of river.第二个好像身体里有一个borrower（音译），可以让他在水中保持不动，不好意思

 

重点19

Task 3

【学校通知】：announcement学校计划要搞library expansion：把图书馆旁边的student center改造成new library，从而increase library space。好处1、有更多的空间摆放更多书shelves、存放更多媒体materials。好处2、摆放更多桌椅，让学生有更多地方自习。

【学生态度】：男生反对。理由1、学校应该用technology手段而非扩建图书馆以节省space，比如将资料扫描成electronic copy储存到电脑里可以节省空间。理由2、同学们爱去student center自习，不爱去图书馆。学校减小学生中心只能导致学生自习空间更少。

Task 4

【名词解释】：friend affiliation（群体归属）refers to the people’s desire to be a member of a certain group。广告商make advisement by using people’s affiliation有两种方法：一是利用其positive effect，通过宣扬广告产品可以增加affiliation，在朋友之间寻求认同。二是利用其negative方法，如果用别的brand产品就会失去affiliation。

【教授举例】：为一个软饮料公司策划一个ad campaign，可有两种方案：种方案：在一个happy party里，everybody都drink the same kind of新brand的soda，都很happy。The soda becomes a very important thing in this situation。第二种方案：some young people are watching a football game in a stadium，突然 one of them drink a wrong brand of soda，then all the people become quite and 用奇怪的眼神look at him，and leave him alone，even his best friend left him。Then he realized he made a big mistake to drink the wrong kind soda。这是从negative入手让观众喜欢这个牌子的soda。问教授是怎么说明reading passage中的观点的。

Task5

只记得解决方法一个是resign，但是不是很负责很难找到一个合适的editor，第二个是在暑假上课，但是约好了和朋友玩，上课的话太扫朋友兴了

回忆2：两个人对话，男的课外做一些newspaper的事，怕自己和下学期major course不能做好，想辞掉工作又觉得可惜，女的建议可以把课放到假期，男的假期和朋友约好旅行特别想去，结果记不太清了报纸的

Task6

Task 6

【讲课要点】：social cooperation among animals benefits the whole group。举了两个例子：例子1、如果一只鹿自己吃feeding alone，在吃的同时必须警惕alert狼和熊等天敌predator的攻击。吃的时候不能专心，效率低、吃得少。然而，一群deers成群in a group吃东西，比一只鹿自己吃更好。集体有所分工，一些鹿轮流take turn站岗放哨，防卫predator。另一些就能安心well进食，高效地吃more efficiently。例子2、一个蜜蜂honey bee回到蜂巢hive通过跳一种特殊的舞special dance，如０字舞和８字舞，来分享share关于它找到的食物源food source的信息information（about where the food source is和距离（location and distance））。这样，整个蜂群都会收益the whole group will benefit from the bee。

 

重点20

Task 3

阅读讲的是有人写信给学校，要求把期末的1天的复习之类的活动延长至3天。 男生问女生：你有什么看法。女生说：不太好。，学习应该是一个持久而长期的过程，不是在最后期末时来一蹴而就的。第二：professors到期末都很忙，学生也不好make a appointment with them。

Task 4

经阅读讲植物root systems在 desert里对水的吸收情况。 lecture说，一种cerstore（拼写不确定）plant,在desert里有space far away from other plants.因为：它的root system can get access to the water to survive.第二：它的根会release chemical， 当其他植物接触到它的chemical时，会导致停止生长，所以其他植物会move away。因此它能获得大量的水源。 

Task5

有个guest speaker在学校里有个lecture，讲journal的。女生想去听，但是不行，因为：：她有图书馆的part-time job。虽然boss might be easy，但是她上周才stop，所以不好这么频繁的请加。第二：她可以事后借video tape来看，但是缺点在于不能与speaker直接沟通问问题。

Task 6

商业的business strategy of second interest。两种方法：提供给买电脑的顾客free video games， 因此当顾客不清楚是否要购买电脑时，video games 可以促使他们购买。第二：提供free computer lesson。可以maintain顾客，获得及时的反馈。

 

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