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　　One basic weakness in a conservation system based wholly on economic motives is that most members of the land community have no economic value. Yet these creatures are members of the biotic community and, if its stability depends on its integrity, they are entitled to continuance.

　　答案：

　　一个完全基于经济动机的环境保护系统的基本缺陷是，陆地生物群落中的大多数成员都没有经济价值。然而,这些物种都是生物群落的成员,如果生物群落的稳定依赖于它自身的完整性的话，那么这些生物就有权利继续生存下去。

　　When one of these noneconomic categories is threatened and, if we happen to love it. We invert excuses to give it economic importance. At the beginning of century songbirds were supposed to be disappearing. (46) Scientists jumped to the rescue with some distinctly shaky evidence to the effect that insects would eat us up if birds failed to control them. The evidence had to be economic in order to be valid.

　　答案：

　　当某一类没有经济价值的物种受到威胁，而我们又恰巧喜欢这类物种时，我们就会编造一些借口来赋予它经济重要性。在本世纪初，鸣禽原本就要消失了。(46) 科学家们急忙挽救，但提出的证据非常站不住脚，这些证据的大意是:如果鸟类不能控制昆虫的数量，昆虫便会吞噬我们人类。证据必须有经济价值才会有效。

　　It is painful to read these roundabout accounts today. We have no land ethic yet, (47) but we have at least drawn near the point of admitting that birds should continue as a matter of intrinsic right, regardless of the presence or absence of economic advantage to us.

　　答案：

　　现在，读这些拐弯抹角的陈述让人感到痛苦。虽然我们还没有土地的伦理观，(47)但是我们至少已几乎承认,无论鸟类对我们而言有无经济价值，出于其自身固有的权利，它们都应生存下去。

　　A parallel situation exists in respect of predatory mammals and fish-eating birds. (48) Time was when biologists somewhat overworked the evidence that these creatures preserve the health of game by killing the physically weak, or that they prey only on “worthless” species. Here again, the evidence had to be economic in order to be valid. It is only in recent years that we hear the more honest argument that predators are members of the community, and that no special interest has the right to exterminate them for the sake of a benefit, real or fancied, to itself.

　　答案：

　　食肉哺乳动物和食鱼鸟类也存在类似的情形。(48)曾经有段时间，生物学家有点滥用了这样一种证据，即这些生物通过杀死体弱者，或者仅仅捕食“没有价值的”物种，来保持猎物种群的健康。这再次说明证据必须有经济价值才会有效。直到最近几年，我们才听到更为诚实的论点:食肉动物是这个群落的成员，没有任何特殊利益群体有权为了自己的利益而消灭它们，无论这种利益是真实的还是假想的。

　　Some species of tree have been “read out of the party” by economics-minded foresters because they grow too slowly, or have too low a sale vale to pay as timber crops (49) In Europe, where forestry is ecologically more advanced, the non-commercial tree species are recognized as members of native forest community, to be preserved as such, within reason. Moreover, some have been found to have a valuable function in building up soil fertility. The interdependence of the forest and its constituent tree species, ground flora, and fauna is taken for granted.

　　答案：

　　某些种类的树已被一些以经济为重的林务员“驱逐"了，因为它们生长得太过缓慢或者作为木材的售价太低。(49)在林业生态更为发达的欧洲，没有商业价值的树种被合理地看成是当地森林群落的成员，并得到相应的保护。此外，人们发现有些树种在增强土壤肥力方面起着重要作用。森林和组成森林的树种、地表植物群和动物群的相互依赖被认为是理所当然的。

　　To sum up: a system of conservation based solely on economic self-interest is hopelessly lopsided. (50) It tends to ignore, and thus eventually to eliminate, many elements in the land community that lack commercial value, but that are essential to its healthy functioning. It assumes, falsely, I think, that the economic parts of the biotic clock will function without the uneconomic parts.

　　答案：

　　总而言之，一个只基于经济利己主义的保护系统是完全失衡的。(50)这种保护系统往往忽视了地群落中诸多缺乏商业价值，但对其健康运行至关重要的物种，从而最终导致它们的灭绝。我认为，它错误地认为在没有无经济价值的部分的情况下，生态系统有经济价值的部分依然可以正常运行。

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