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　　第二段

　　①Only recently did linguists begin the serious study of languages that were very different from their own. ②Two anthropologist-linguists, Franz Boas and Edward Sapir, were pioneers in describing many native languages of North and South America during the first half of the twentieth century. ③(62) We are obliged to them because some of these languages have since vanished, as the peoples who spoke them died out or became assimilated and lost their native languages. ④Other linguists in the earlier part of this century, however, who were less eager to deal with bizarre data from “exotic” language, were not always so grateful. ⑤(63) The newly described languages were often so strikingly different from the well studied languages of Europe and Southeast Asia that some scholars even accused Boas and Sapir of fabricating their data. ⑥Native American languages are indeed different, so much so in fact that Navajo could be used by the US military as a code during World War II to send secret messages.

　　①Only recently did linguists begin the serious study of languages that were very different from their own.
　　only位于句首，句子使用部分倒装
　　did linguists begin the serious study of languages that were very different from their own.
　　linguist n. 语言学家。—— linguistic adj. 语言学的
　　that部分是定语从句，修饰languages，加“s”了
　　different from/to/than sb/sth：不同于；有差别

　　【完整译文】
　　①仅仅是最近，语言学家们才开始对多种语言做认真的研究，这些语言与语言学家们自己的语言是十分不同的。
　　②仅仅是最近，语言学家们才开始对那些与他们的语言十分迥异的语言做严肃的研究。
　　③也只是最近，语言学家们才开始对那些与他们的语言十分迥异的语言做严肃的研究。

　　②Two anthropologist-linguists, Franz Boas and Edward Sapir, were pioneers in describing many native languages of North and South America during the first half of the twentieth century.
　　anthropologist n. 人类学家
　　anthropologist-linguists：人类学兼语言学家（这种构词法叫做：合成法，是单词构词法的一种，不要误会，以为英语单词就词根词缀一种构词法，英语的词汇构词法至少有5种以上。合成法，一般情况下，合成以后的词义可以由合成前的两个词的意思综合而成，当然，也有例外。）
　　Franz Boas and Edward Sapir这是anthropologist-linguists这个的同位语，进一步说是谁
　　Franz Boas：法兰兹·博厄斯（1858.07.09—1942.12.21），美国人类学家，语言学家。
　　Edward Sapir：爱德华·萨丕尔（1884—1939），美国人类学家和语言学家
　　Two anthropologist-linguists were pioneers in describing many native languages of North and South America during the first half of the twentieth century.
　　pioneer n. 先锋；先驱；带头人；开拓者；vt. 开拓；开创。
　　in部分是介词短语修饰pioneer
　　describe vt. 描述；描绘（根据上一句的内容，这里应该翻译成“研究”的意思）
　　native adj. 本国的；本地的；土著的
　　America n. 美洲（包含南美洲和北美洲）
　　during部分是时间状语：during the first half of the twentieth century.
　　20世纪的第一半，即：1900—1949（20世纪是指1900—1999，即前面一半）

　　【完整译文】
　　①法兰兹·博厄斯和爱德华·萨丕尔是两位人类学兼语言学家，在20世纪的前半期，他们都是研究许多南北美洲（美洲）本土语言的先驱。
　　②在20世纪的前半叶，有两位人类学兼语言学家是研究南北美洲（美洲）许多本土语言的先驱，他们是法兰兹·博厄斯和爱德华·萨丕尔。
　　③两位人类学兼语言学家——法兰兹·博厄斯和爱德华·萨丕尔——是20世纪前半叶，研究南北美洲（美洲）许多本土语言的先驱。

　　③(62) We are obliged to them because some of these languages have since vanished, as the peoples who spoke them died out or became assimilated and lost their native languages.
　　We are obliged to them because some of these languages have since vanished, as the peoples who spoke them died out or became assimilated and lost their native languages.
　　句子主干：We are obliged to them
　　oblige vt. ①强迫；②帮...的忙；施恩惠于。—— obliged adj. 感激；感谢
　　be obliged to sb for sth/for doing sth：感激；感谢
　　有个惯用语：obliged或者much obliged，表示：“感谢或者非常感激”
　　（这是电影《肖申克的救赎》里面，瑞德出狱以后去找安迪留给他的东西，搭别人的车，下车后说的，非常地道）
　　them指上一句的那两个大哥
　　即：我们感激他们
　　because后面是原因状语从句：
　　some of these languages have since vanished, as the peoples who spoke them died out or became assimilated and lost their native languages.
　　these languages = 上一句的many native languages of North and South America
　　since在这里是个副词，表示：“此后；后来”
　　since：at a time after a particular time in the past，即：在过去的某个时候之后
　　EG：we were divorced two years ago and she has since remarried. 我们两年前离婚了，她后来又再婚了。
　　这里的since指的就是从两年前算起的后来
　　那么，这个句子的since指什么时候呢，即：上一句说的20世纪前半叶，就是此后。（此生你都不会看到这个句子最正确的讲解了，除了这里。）
　　We are obliged to them because some of these languages have since vanished, as the peoples who spoke them died out or became assimilated and lost their native languages.
　　vanish vi. 消失不见；消亡；绝迹；不复存在
　　as部分可以看作原因状语从句中的时间状语从句，也可以看作原因，二者都说得过去，从句是or连接的两个句子。
　　as the peoples who spoke them died out or became assimilated and lost their native languages.
　　people加 “s” 表示：“民族；种族”
　　them指的是那些消失的语言
　　assimilate vt. 同化；吸收
　　native language：母语
　　die out：逐渐消亡；灭绝；逐渐熄灭
　　即：随着那些说这些语言的种族逐渐消亡或者被同化进而失去了他们的母语。

　　【完整译文】
　　①我们要感谢他们，因为，自此以后，这些语言中一部分消失了，随着那些说这些语言的种族（民族）逐渐消亡，或者被同化进而失去了他们的母语（本族语言）。
　　②我们要感谢他们，因为，自此以后，这些语言中有一些消失了，由于那些说这些语言的种族（民族）逐渐消亡，或者被同化进而失去了他们的母语（土语）。
　　③我们之所以感激他们（两位先驱），是因为在此之后，这些（土著）语言中有一些已经不复存在了，这是由于说这些语言的部族或是消亡了，或是被同化而丧失了自己的本族语言。

　　④Other linguistsin the earlier part of this century, however, who were less eager to deal with bizarre data from “exotic” language, were not always so grateful.
　　however可以放到句首
　　句子主干：Other linguists were not always so grateful.
　　即：其他的语言学家就不总是这样令人感激了。
　　in部分是介词短语修饰语言学家
　　this century指20世纪
　　即：在本世纪早期的其他语言学家
　　who部分是非限定性定语从句：who were less eager to deal with bizarre data from “exotic” language,
　　deal with：解决（这里要译为研究的意思，就是上面的describe）
　　bizarre adj. 奇怪的；古怪的
　　exotic adj. 外来的；异国的
　　即：他们对研究来自异国（异族）语言的奇异数据（资料）不感兴趣。

　　【完整译文】
　　①然而，我们并不会这样感激本世纪早期的其他语言学家们，他们并不热衷于研究来自异族语言的怪异资料。
　　②然而，就本世纪早期那些并不热衷于研究来自异族语言的怪异资料的其他语言学家来说，我们并不总是这样的感激他们。
　　③然而，本世纪早期那些其他语言学家们并不总是令人这样感激，因为，他们并不热衷于研究来自异族语言的怪异资料。

　　⑤(63) The newly described languages were often so strikingly different from the well studied languages of Europe and Southeast Asia that some scholars even accused Boas and Sapir of fabricating their data.
　　The newly described languages were often so strikingly different from the well studied languages of Europe and Southeast Asiathat some scholars even accused Boas and Sapir of fabricating their data.
　　new adj. 新的；新鲜的；n. 新事物。—— newly adv. 新近；最近
　　The newly described languages指第二句中两位学者描述的语言“Two anthropologist-linguists, Franz Boas and Edward Sapir, were pioneers in describing many native languages of North and South America during the first half of the twentieth century.”，即：许多南北美洲的本土语言。
　　表语部分是由so...that...：如此...以至于...来引导的结果状语从句。
　　strike vt.击打；敲打；罢工。—— striking adj. 显著的；明显的；引人注目的；标致的；俊秀的。—— strikingly adv. 显著地；非常地；醒目地。
　　the well studied languages of Europe and Southeast Asia
　　这里的well studied指的是已经得到深入研究的，就是已经有人研究过了的。而两位人类学兼语言学家新研究（描述/记录）的这些南北美洲的本土语言，还没有被研究过。
　　即：这些新近（最近）才被研究（描述）的语言与那些已经得到深入研究的欧洲与东南亚的语言是分词不同的，以至于....。
　　The newly described languages were often so strikingly different from the well studied languages of Europe and Southeast Asiathat some scholars even accused Boas and Sapir of fabricating their data.
　　scholar n. 学者
　　accuse sb of sth：控告；控诉；指控；指责
　　fabric n. 织物；布料；结构；构造。—— fabricate vt. 编造；捏造。
　　即：以至于，有些学者甚至指控博厄斯和萨丕尔的数据是伪造的。

　　【完整译文】
　　①这些最近才被研究（描述）的语言与那些已经得到深入研究的欧洲与东南亚的语言是十分不同的，以至于有些学者甚至指控博厄斯和萨丕尔的数据是伪造的。
　　②这些最近才被研究（描述）的语言与那些已经得到丰富研究的欧洲与东南亚的语言是极其不同的，以至于有些学者甚至指控博厄斯和萨丕尔伪造了数据。
　　③这些新近被描述的语言与已经得到充分研究的欧洲和东南亚地区的语言往往差别显著，以至于有些学者甚至指责Boasi和 Sapir编造了材料。

　　⑥Native American languages are indeed different, so much so in fact that Navajo could be used by the US military as a code during World War II to send secret messages.
　　Native American languages：美洲土著语言
　　indeed adv. 的确；确实；实际上；确切来说
　　so much so that：如此...以至于...，同样可以引导结果状语从句，只是非常不常见，而且，这里作者还把in fact放在了中间，这就更加大难度了。in fact完全可以放到so much之前，甚至放大句首都可以。
　　EG：Alan likes hamburgers so much so that he eats them almost every day. 艾伦如此喜欢汉堡以至于几乎每天都吃。
　　Native American languages are indeed different, so much so in fact that Navajo could be used by the US military as a code during World War II to send secret messages.
　　即：事实上，美洲本土语言的确是十分不同的，以至于...。
　　Navajo：纳瓦霍，这是一个美洲的原住民，这里指他们的语言，即：纳瓦霍语
　　code n. 密码；暗码；代码
　　secret adj. 秘密的。
　　military adj. 军事的；军队的；n. 军人
　　即：在二战期间，纳瓦霍人的语言可以被美军用作密码来发送保密信息

　　【完整译文】
　　①事实上，美洲的本土语言的确是十分不同的，以至于二战期间，纳瓦霍人的语言被美军用作密码来发送机密信息（情报）。
　　②事实上，美洲的本土语言的确是如此的不同，以至于二战期间，纳瓦霍人的语言（纳瓦霍语）就被美军用作密码来发送机密信息（情报）。