完整版范文
    Question

    Your professor is teaching a class on sociology. Write a post responding to the professor’s question.
    In your response, you should do the following.
    Express and support your opinion.
    Make a contribution to the discussion in your own words.
    An effective response will contain at least 100 words.

    Doctor Achebe
    Many companies provide important products and services but at the same time cause environmental damage. Some people believe the way to prevent these companies from damaging the environment is for the government to require more penalties from them, such as higher taxes and larger fines. Do you think it is a good idea

    Andrew
    A lot of companies make helpful products but hurt the environment too. I think the government should punish them more, like raising their taxes and fines, to stop the damage. Doing that would hold corporations accountable and force them to change in an impactful way. We can have both innovation and sustainability if governments incentivize it properly through penalties.

    Claire
    I disagree that we should penalize corporations more for environmental damage. Many companies are already taking steps to adopt greener practices, and higher taxes or fines could discourage innovation and hurt the economy. Instead of punishing businesses, I believe the government should reward and incentivize sustainable choices through subsidies and tax breaks.

    范文正文

    I believe it is a commendable idea for governments to impose stricter penalties on companies. This is because more rigorous policies compel businesses to adjust their strategies, pushing unsustainable companies to seek alternative practices that cause less harm to the environment.【表语从句+分词短语+定语从句】For example, Iceland was once among the world’s major commercial whaling nations, annually capturing hundreds of whales primarily for export or domestic consumption. However, in recent years, the Icelandic government has introduced heavier taxes and harsher fines, significantly increasing the operational costs of whaling and making it ever more difficult for whaling companies to remain profitable.【分词短语+it形式宾语】To counter this trend, traditional whaling companies have been forced to explore more sustainable alternatives, one of which is whale watching. Unlike hunting, whale-watching tours allow visitors to observe humpback whales, orcas, and white-beaked dolphins in their natural habitat. Additionally, these companies have diversified their services by integrating whale watching with Northern Lights excursions and seabird watching, enhancing the overall tourist experience. Over time, the reduction in whaling has contributed to the gradual recovery of whale populations in Icelandic waters, attracting even more whales for breeding and migration. Although Claire’s idea holds true to some extent,【让步状语从句】she overlooked the fact that, according to a study, whale-watching tourism generates more revenue in Iceland than whaling. Given the promotion of a healthier marine ecosystem and the greater economic benefits, increasing penalties on companies is highly justified.

    用词用语整理

    这道题是2025年2月22日C套托福学术讨论写作真题，也是托福考试中反复出现的学术讨论写作题目之一，出现在2023年11月4日。在这一道表明立场类题目中，教授询问：政府是否应该向企业提高税收和增加罚款，以防止它们对环境造成破坏？Andrew认为应该，因为这么做可以让企业承担责任并做出改变，适当的惩罚措施可以激励企业实现创新和可持续发展；Claire则认为不应该，因为提高税收或罚款可能会阻止企业创新，甚至损害经济，相反政府应该通过补贴和税收减免来激励企业做出可持续的选择。
    这篇文章采用了“个人观点+因果论证+举例论证+让步反驳+总结”的写作结构，围绕政府应对企业施加更严厉惩罚的合理性展开论证。文章首先提出观点，即政府加强对企业的惩罚是值得称赞的做法，因为更严格的政策将推动企业调整经营策略，寻找更可持续的发展模式，以减少对环境的破坏。随后，文章通过冰岛的商业捕鲸案例具体论证这一观点。例子中介绍了冰岛曾是主要的捕鲸国家之一，但由于政府加重税收和罚款，捕鲸成本上升，企业盈利变得困难，从而推动捕鲸公司转向更可持续的替代方案，如观鲸旅游。接着，文章进一步说明观鲸旅游如何带动了其他旅游活动的发展，如北极光观赏和海鸟观察，从而了整体旅游体验。此外，文章指出捕鲸的减少不仅促进了鲸鱼种群的恢复，还进一步吸引了更多鲸鱼迁徙繁殖，使冰岛海洋生态系统更加健康稳定。文章最后反驳了Claire的观点，强调观鲸旅游的收入已超过捕鲸产业，并得出结论，基于生态保护和经济效益的双重考量，加强企业惩罚是正当且合理的。
    文章语言清晰流畅，论证结构紧密，采用了具体案例支撑观点，使论述更具说服力。此外，文章在分析过程中运用了对比手法，如捕鲸与观鲸旅游的对比，突出政策调整带来的积极影响。整体而言，文章逻辑严密，层次分明，论述具有较强的说服力。

    用词用语整理

    【表语从句+分词短语+定语从句】
    “This is because more rigorous policies compel businesses to adjust their strategies, pushing unsustainable companies to seek alternative practices that cause less harm to the environment.” 这句话在文章中起到承上启下的作用，既对首句观点进行解释，表明更严格的政策如何促使企业调整策略，又为后文冰岛捕鲸产业的案例铺垫理论依据，使论证更具逻辑性。其中，表语从句阐明政策对企业的影响，分词短语进一步补充其结果，限制性定语从句具体限定替代方案的特点。

    【分词短语+it形式宾语】
    “However, in recent years, the Icelandic government has introduced heavier taxes and harsher fines, significantly increasing the operational costs of whaling and making it ever more difficult for whaling companies to remain profitable.” 这句话在文章中起到关键的过渡作用，承接前文政策促使企业调整策略的理论论述，并引出冰岛捕鲸业的具体案例，为后续关于捕鲸公司如何寻求替代方案的论证奠定基础。其中，分词短语通过描述政府政策的具体后果，强调了加重税收和罚款带来的实际影响；而“it”作为形式宾语，简化了句子结构，使论述更加流畅。
    commendable（值得称赞的）：通常用来形容某种行为、努力或品质，强调其值得认可或表扬。在文章中用来形容政府加强企业惩罚的做法，强调了这一措施的积极意义。
    例句：The police officer showed commendable bravery during the rescue.这名警察在营救行动中表现出了可嘉的勇敢精神。
    more rigorous, harsher（更严格的，更严厉的）：rigorous和harsh都可以指政策、规定或处罚等执行得非常严格，没有例外，要求严格遵守。在文章中用来描述政策的严格性和严苛性，进一步强调了政府措施的力度，从而凸显了这些政策对企业行为产生的强大压力和推动力。
    例句：The government implemented rigorous environmental policies.政府实施了严格的环境政策。
    compel（强迫，迫使）：通常用来描述在某种外部力量或强大原因下，使某人做某事，通常带有一定的压力或不可抗拒的因素。在文章中用来强调政府政策的强制性作用，表明严格的政策迫使企业调整策略，从而为后续关于企业如何适应并寻求替代方案的讨论提供了理论基础。
    例句：The storm compelled us to stay indoors all day.暴风雨迫使我们整天待在室内。
    alternative（替代的；替代选择）：“alternative”在“alternative practices”中作形容词，用来描述两种或更多的选择、方式、想法等中的一种，通常指替代某个选项或方式的另一种选择；在“sustainable alternatives”中作名词，指的是可以替代某个现有事物的选项或方式。在文章中用来表示企业在面对严格政策时所寻找的更可持续、环境友好的替代方案，从而支持了文章关于政策有效性的论点。
    例句：The alternative method is a more efficient approach, and it offers a better alternative for those who need faster results.这种替代方法是一种更的方式，它为那些需要更快结果的人提供了更好的替代选择。
    integrating（使合并，使结合）：指将不同的部分或元素合并成一个整体，通常用于表示使不同的部分或群体更好地融合在一起，形成统一的体系。在文章中用来描述捕鲸公司将观鲸与其他旅游活动结合的过程，强调了企业为适应新的市场需求而进行的创新和多元化，从而支持了文章论述政策促使企业寻求可持续发展的观点。
    例句：The school is trying to integrate technology into the classroom.这所学校正在尝试将技术整合到课堂中。
    excursions（短途旅行，远足）：通常指的是轻松的、目的明确的短期旅行，可能是为了放松、学习或探索某个地方，比如文章中捕鲸公司为实现多样化的旅游体验所提供的北极光之旅。
    例句：The students had an excursion to the museum as part of their history class.作为历史课的一部分，学生们去博物馆参加了一个短途旅行。
    given（考虑到，鉴于）：介词，表示一种前提或条件，通常引导的是已知的事实或背景，再基于这个信息做出决定或推论。在文章中强调在考虑到健康的海洋生态系统和更大的经济利益的情况下，增加对企业的惩罚是合理的，从而加强了文章结论的合理性和说服力。
    例句：Given her experience, she is the best candidate for the job.鉴于她的经验，她是这个职位的人选。
    justified（有充分理由的，合乎情理的）：形容词，常用于描述一个行为、决定或者想法是合理的，是能够被证明是正确的或被支持的。在文章中用来强调增加对企业惩罚的合理性，表明在考虑到生态保护和经济效益的双重因素后，这一政策是正当且值得支持的。
    例句：His decision to leave early was justified by the fact that he had an urgent appointment. 他提前离开的决定是有理由的，因为他有一个紧急的约会。

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