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标题/出处
Tax avoidance gets the world's attention
避税举世瞩目
The Christian Science Monitor《基督教科学箴言报》April 7, 2021
文章导读
合法避税是指在尊重税法、依法纳税的前提下,纳税人采取适当的手段对纳税义务的规避,减少税务上的支出。全球型企业,尤其是像亚马逊、谷歌、苹果这样的数字化公司都存在这样的现象,正如在前面的文章中提到的那样:微软集团爱尔兰子公司正是通过把利润转移到百慕大这样的低税率岛国(避税天堂)才得以盈利。二十国集团希望通过制定一个全球最低企业税率来解决这一问题。联合国、经济合作与发展组织以及作为数字化公司巨头聚集地的美国对此都有着各自的态度。
正文
A favorite research topic among economists is whether countries are able to improve their tax collection, especially in curbing legal tax avoidance(“loopholes") by citizens and corporations.The former Soviet state of Georgia, for example, was recently commended by the Inte mational Monetary Fund for a rapid rise in tax revenue.Its reform, said the IMF,required“first and foremost abroad social and political commitment.”
Soon this topic could be global.On April 7, the finance ministers of the world's wealthiest nations(the Group of 20) said they hope to agree by mid-2021on away to prevent one of the most common tax-avoidance schemes:corporations shifing their profits or legal identity to a low-tax country, or even a no-tax“haven”like the Cayman Islands.
In theory, the G-20 endorsed a global minimum corporate tax rate that might prevent such“tax shopping”—and the resulting competition among nations to lower their tax rates.
Agreeing on a specific rate, however, could be diffcult, as would enforcing it.Many countries now do legal somersaults to lure foreign investment.
The G-20's move was made easier by a decision last week from the Biden administration. A minimum rate would help“make sure the global economy thrives based on a more level playing field, ”said Janet Yellen, President Joe Biden's Treasury Secretary and a former Head of the Federal Reserve.With such a global standard, President Biden hopes American corporations will keep more of their money in the United States, thus funding his ambitious spending plans.
The idea of a global tax rate has gained in popularity because of the rapid globalization of commerce as well as the rise of digital companies that can easily operate across borders.And with the pandemic draining government budgets, countries are even more eager to find new revenue.On April 6, the IMF's managing director, Kristalina Georgieva, called on political leaders to“collect taxes more effectively”.
Much of the groundwork in finding a consensus on corporate taxation has been done by the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, a club of mostly rich counties that helps set global norms.Not to be outdone, the United Nations issued a report in February that looked at the“gaps, loopholes and shortcomings”in how countries finance themselves. While offering dozens of recommendations, the report said tax abuse arises from a“weakness of social contracts”and“incentives that divert taxpayers(both corporate and individual)away from society's goals”.
While countries need greater transparency and enhanced accountability in tax collection,stated the U.N.report, all people in a country must contibute“towards financial integrity in all as peets of their lives”.
Corporations might seem like abstract entities, but they are made up of individuals who can live up to that goal.If the G-20 agrees on global rules for taxation, it might raise the bar on tax integrity.Perhaps then avoiding a tax bill,even if done legally, might seem outside the bounds of a country's social contract.
全文翻译
许多经济学家热衷于研究的一个课题——各国是否能加强税收征管,特别是在遏制公民和企业合法避税(“漏洞")方面。例如,曾隶属于苏联的格鲁吉亚最近因税收迅速增加得到国际货币基金组织的赞扬。国际货币基金组织认为,该国的改革“首先需要广泛的社会和政治承诺"。
很快,这一课题就成为全球性的话题。4月7日,世界上几大最富裕经济体(二十国集团)的财政部部长表示,希望在2021年年中之前,他们能就如何防止其中一种最常见的避税计划达成一致,这一计划是企业将利润或合法身份转移到低税收国家,甚至转移到如开曼群岛这样无须纳税的“避税天堂"。
从理论上讲,二十国集团认可了一种可能会阻止这种“税收购物”的全球最低企业税率,还为由此导致的国家间为降低税率而展开的竞争背书。然而,就一个具体的利率达成一致可能比较困难,强制执行也是如此。现在许多国家为了吸引外资,对法律的态度呈现180度的大转变。
不过,拜登政府上周的一项决定使二十国集团的行动变得更加容易。美国总统拜登的财政部部长、美联储前主席珍妮特·耶伦表示,最低利率将有助于“确保全球经济基于一个更加公平的竞争环境蓬勃发展"。在这样一个全球标准的作用下,拜登总统希望美国企业可以把更多资金留在美国,从而为他雄心勃勃的支出计划提供资金。
商业全球化的迅速发展,以及可以轻松跨境经营的数字公司的兴起,使得全球税率的想法越来越广受欢迎。与此同时,疫情耗尽了政府预算,各国越发渴望找到新的收入来源。4月6日,国际货币基金组织总裁克里斯塔利娜·格奥尔基耶娃呼吁政治领导人“更有效地征税"。
经济合作与发展组织主要由富裕国家组成,旨在帮助制定全球规范,它在为企业税收问题达成共识上奠定了基础。联合国也不甘落后,在2月份发布了一份报告,研究了各国在为自己融资时存在的“差距、漏洞和缺点"。报告提出了几十条建议,同时也指出,滥用税收源于“薄弱的社会契约”和“使纳税人(包括企业和个人)偏离社会目标的激励措施”。
联合国的报告指出,尽管各国在税收征管方面需要更大的透明度和更强的责任感,但一个国家的所有人都必须“在生活的各个方面为实现金融诚信做出贡献"。
公司看起来似乎是抽象实体,但它们是由能够实现这一目标的个人组成的。如果二十国集团就全球税收规则达成一致,可能会提高税收诚信的门槛。那么,即使避税合法,似乎也超出了一个国家社会契约的范围。
特殊词汇
tax collection征税;税收征管
loophole n.(法律、合同等的)漏洞
commend v.称赞, 赞扬
tax revenue税收
arise from由……引起, 起因于
endorse v.认可, 赞同;签名,背书
social contract社会契约
incentive n.激励;刺激
enforce v强制实施, 强制执行
accountability n.有义务;有责任
somersault n.(观点、态度等)180度的转变;滚翻,筋斗
in all aspects of在……的各个方面
thrive v.繁荣;茁壮成长
be made up of由……所组成
drain v耗尽(资源、资金)开祝
live up to不辜负;达到
consensus n一致的意见;共识
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